Learn English – the difference between “amazed at” and “amazed by”

This depends upon the wider context in which the sentence is used. The two examples you have given do not, on their own, make sense.

If the progress is the subject then of, if you are the subject then on.

Have you made any progress on your project?

What is the progress of your project?

I have made progress on my project

There has been progress on the project

The progress of the project is satisfactory

"In Table 1, the simulation results for/of X1 according to variations of X2 are presented".

It is mostly a matter of what seems to improve the flow.
Subtract the descriptor "simulation"

"In Table 1, the results of X1 according to variations of X2 are presented"

and the flow, or sound, of the statement seems fine with "of".
But, with "simulation"

"In Table 1, the simulation results of X1 according to variations of X2 are presented".

"of" doesn't seem to flow as well

"In Table 1, the simulation results for X1 according to variations of X2 are presented".

but with "for" the flow seems fine.
There is not an issue with correct prepositions here. Others might not have a "flow" issue with either, and some might consider one preposition preferable to another is some situations. "For" and "of" are both fine here, as far as grammar goes.