Learn English – “The distance is great” vs. “high” vs. “large”

Actually the most common phrasing I've personally seen is:

It is high in calories.

The number of calories can be thought of as either a number (number of) or aggregate (amount of). Other answers/comments have indicated that there's debate over which is more common/appropriate, but what one you use influences which adjective you pick.

Per this NGram:

large number of --> Most Common

large amount of --> Common

high number of --> Uncommon

high amount of --> Almost Unheard Of

In conversational use, you will encounter both expressions and, as brick notes, provided that which is slightly more formal.

In a scientific paper, I would avoid all of these forms. The link subject to the requirement that makes the status of the caveat crystal clear. If you wanted a less verbose expression, you might try so long as or even if or when.