Learn English – the origin of “Kris Kringle”

christmasetymologyhistorical-changeorigin-unknown

In Canada, we use the term "Kris Kringle" for gift exchange tradition in Christmas. It is also spelled as "Kriss Kringle". In US and UK, it is called Secret Santa. Wikipedia says "Secret Santa" is used in Canada too but I usually hear it as Kris Kringle.

Deriving from the Christian tradition, the ritual is known as Secret Santa in the United States and the United Kingdom; as Kris Kringel or Kris Kindle (Christkindl) in Ireland; as Secret Santa, Kris Kringle, or Chris Kindle (Christkindl) in parts of Austria; as Secret Santa or Kris Kringle in Canada and Australia; and as Secret Santa, Kris Kringle, or Monito-monita in the Philippines.

There are four meanings listed in Wikipedia:

  • Christkind or Christkindl, the Austrian and German Christmas gift-bringer, the Christ Child
  • Santa Claus, by assimilation in the United States of the separate German tradition
  • Secret Santa, a gift exchange deriving from the Christkindl tradition
  • Kris Kringle, the lead character in Miracle on 34th Street

Etymonline mentions Christ-kinkle from Pennsylvania German and Christkindlein from German and doesn't relate to Santa Claus.

1830, Christ-kinkle (in a Pennsylvania German context, and as a reminiscence of times past, so probably at least a generation older in that setting), from German Christkindlein, Christkind'l "Christ child." Properly Baby Jesus, not Santa Claus.


Question:

  • What is the actual origin of "Kris Kringle" and when is it first used?

Related questions:

  • How is the term related to gift exchange? It comes from the name of gift-bringer ChristKind (diminutive Christkindl) but how come it is used in Canada and Australia when there is "Santa" out there? [I'm not sure if "Kris Kringle" is ever used in US]

  • Is it a corrupted spelling of Christkindl? When and how is it corrupted?

  • How is it related to Jesus? Is it associated with Santa? Is there a competition between them?

Best Answer

Webster's Dictionary traces "Kris Kringle" back to the German "Kristkindl" meaning "Christ Child" and indicates the first documented use in English was 1830. According to http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Kriss+Kringle, it entered the English language through the immigration of Pennsylvania Dutch settlers.

This was likely the work of Martin Luther, who condemned the Roman celebration of Saint Nicholas (AKA Santa Claus) on December 25. The Roman celebration was so popular among the common folk that they undermined Luther's prohibition with a touch of syncretism. The Christ Child and Saint Nick (the patron of merchants and children) still share the holiday today!

Santa Claus is a phonetic variant of Saint Nicholas. As the patron saint of merchants and children, the church encouraged the blessing of these two groups during his holiday. Buying gifts is a practical blessing for merchants and giving gifts is a practical blessing on children.

The name Kris Kringle is a recognized substitute for Santa Claus in the United States, but in many other countries they are distinctly separate characters.