Learn English – the origin of suffixing “-ass” to adjectives

All your examples are correct. These are adverbs rather than adjectives. Specifically, they're participial adjectives that have been turned into adverbs using the "ly" suffix. They also all follow a pattern where the noun added to turn them into a compound is the noun that would be the direct object of the verb. (e.g., soul-crushingly bad = bad enough to crush souls). There are other examples that follow the same pattern (e.g., "breathtakingly beautiful").

The "add -ly and use it as an adverb of manner" construction doesn't seem to work on all compound participial adjectives. There's no such adverb as "hard-workingly" or "time-consumingly," for example, even though time-consumingly fits the same pattern as soul-crushingly).

This must not be taken as a definitive answer. Only hints too long to fit in a comment.

A - In order to form a compound adjective of the type adj+noun-ed, I'd say:

1- the noun should be able to transform into a reasonably comprehensible ed-adjective

• temper → tempered (s.o. or sth with a temper, seems OK)
• chair (n) → *chaired (doesn't seem to make sense)

2- the adjective in the first part of the compound word must fit with the noun-ed adjective.

• a blue-eyed boy seems OK
• a blue-tempered boy doesn't seem to make sense

B- I've just gone back to an academic paper I'd read a while ago exploring compound adjectives and in particular "the noun + -ed structure".

Here's a paragraph from this paper, it doesn't really answer the "why" in your question, but points toward a possible answer. (Paper's in French, translation mine).

Many linguists have pointed out that this type of compound adjectives (adj+noun-ed) is mostly used when describing a physical (blue-eyed) or mental (bad-tempered) characteristic. This physical characteristic doesn't only apply to people but can be found in animals (short-winged, red-tailed) or objects (red-roofed, sharp-pointed). Assuming that the adj+noun-ed compound adjective gives a definitory attribute to the noun, some linguists and grammarians will be inclined to refuse compound adjectives whose first word would express the point of view of the speaker.

Further on in this paper the author compares the compound noun "middle-age" to the adjective "middle-aged". Could we imagine short-temper as a possible noun? Then could we say the -ed suffix differentiates the noun from the adjective?

A question with/without “-ed” for the compound adjectives formed by “adj.+noun”? had been asked on english.se, and thanks to FumbleFingers for pointing out to John Lawler's comment on the disappearance of "ed" in spoken (and consequently written form) English.