Several variants of this topic have already been covered here, such as:
What name for bowdlerisation with asterisks (e.g., “f*ck”)?
What the #$@&%*! is that called?
However, these deal with the naming of this convention or with replacing whole words with asterisks / obscenicons / grawlixes, not with the partial censoring of still-visible and understandable words.
My question is: Why and when did we start censor words such as f**k with partial-asterisks but still retain the same word length/structure/opening-closing letters so the word is still understandable but yet deemed 'safe' in this way? What is the origin of such a method (and, more of a separate question, is the same thing done in non-English languages?)
Google NGram seems to show the first instance of f**k from 1959 but doesn't show any context, or where this actually was used.
Best Answer
Purpose
The use of typography to censor words was to avoid breaking obscenity laws, and it was blasphemous to make fun of religion. Religious words were censored more than "normal" swear words, and were only censored when used as part of oaths; normal use was unbleeped. Dashes were used to obfuscate from the mid-17th century and throughout the 18th century and asterisks were common from the 19th century on.
1710
Eliminative dashes, as in D--n for Damn can be found as early as 1710 in The Tatler (found via The Anatomy of Swearing (2001) by Ashley Montagu):
1687
Earlier than then Rigby sodomy trial of 1698 is this citation in the OED for shit:
1688
Mark Liberman of Language Log searched LION (LIterature ONline) and found Richard Ames's "A Satyr Again Man", from Sylvia's Revenge (1688):
1680
The same Language Log post has John Oldham's poem "Upon the Author of a Play call'd Sodom" from Works (1680):
1684
Jack Horntip has a fascinating collection of books from the 17th century to today. Several contain typo-bleeping, but it may be that some of them are later (sometimes 19th century) reprints with censoring added at the later time, and the originals may have been uncensored.
The following are all from the Jack Horntip Collection and most only show the raw OCR (plain scanned text). It's possible they're from later printings, but from the first pages I get the impression they're the original typography. However, they could be later, edited, "facsimile" re-printings, as I'm unsure if the years would be written in Roman or Arabic numerals at this time. (These should all be available online in the Early English Books Online database for further verification.)
Edit: I've confirmed these in the EEBO database.
The earliest that has a full PDF is in Sodom or the Quintessence of Debauchery (1684) by the Earl of Rochester, which is chock full of all sorts of uncensored sexual language but bleeps out "heaven[s]", "almighty", "God[s]" (although there's a single "p—s"), for example:
Say what you want, but be careful of the Church!
1675
Mock Songs and Jovial Poems (1675):
1672
Covent Garden Drolery 2nd Ed. (date also shown on the scanned first page):
1658
Wit Restor'd by John Mennes issued in 1658:
1656
John Philips' Sportive Wit (1656) is chock-full of bleepos. Here's some extracts.
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Searching Early English Books Online, I've found an earlier typo-bleepo.
1651
James Smith's The Loves of Hero and Leander a mock poem : with marginall notes, and other choice pieces of drollery (page 14, EEBO):