Learn English – The solution to the problem is more complicated than the problem

One word that comes to mind is undo, which carries the meaning of rolling back to a point before an action was carried out. To cover the whole process, though, you would still need to use another word like fault-correction.

There is also the more general term, process, which admittedly does not specifically indicate that there was a problem. However, your general situation is covered by this word.

It depends a little on how you plan to use the term.

An interesting term would be "permanent temporary solution", as used in some articles, such as; NYT opinion page about refugee camps in Kenya, Public Space article on refugee camps in Palestine, etc.

You can replace "temporary solution" with single words like stopgap or other synonyms, as mentioned in another answer.

There are many things we use today that were actually meant to be temporary, but somehow ended up being used for a longer time than intended. For example: Mobile phones, wrist watches, plastic, and even the Internet! [1]

But I have never come across a single-word that is defined as "a temporary solution that ends up becoming permanent".

Find more examples on Google.