Apparently Leon is wearing a bandana, so that's what Larry means by this shit on your head. And wife-beater means a sleeveless singlet/vest (I think it usually means a dark blue one; I don't know if it's relevant that this one is green). Larry clearly thinks Leon doesn't look attractive.
Leon says gets rather than get just because it's "cool" to be ungrammatical. When he says mine he means my oats (his character might well not know of that the missing word). Basically, he's saying that he gets his oats (he gets plenty of sex), so Larry shouldn't assume his appearance is off-putting to women.
It would appear that you underestimate the cultural significance of the Rolling Stones!
A quick search for the phrase's history (via Google nGrams) shows that it was not an idiomatic phrase before the song was released in 1966: except for a Southerner opposed to civil rights in the 1920s ("We will paint this State red before we paint it black") and a reference to national colors ("It would be just the same if Ireland began to paint the map green or Montenegro were to paint it black"), (almost) all the pre-1966 instances I find are literal references to actually putting real black paint onto things. It's only after the song became iconic that "paint it black" became an idiomatic expression.
All of the imagery in the Stones song is to death and its accompanying sadness; black is the color of funerals in England, and at least one verse ("I see a line of cars and they're all painted black / With flowers and my love both never to come back") is an explicit reference to a funeral cortege. Using "Paint it black" as the fire-at-will signal is sardonic, and makes excellent television - but is probably not in common usage. (I haven't watched the episode yet, so don't know who was giving that order - if it was, for example, a police/SWAT commander, use of a command like that would likely result in suspension from duty, since the police are supposed to be preventing funerals rather than causing them. A military commander in a war zone might get away with it. It sounds, however, like something the "bad guy" would say.)
It's a pop-culture reference which has become an idiom; the characters in "Elementary" are assumed to know the song and understand its meaning. (Most people in North America and the UK, between the ages of 30 and 65, have heard the song at least a dozen times.) To people from elsewhere, or from a different generation, it has no obvious meaning and should probably be avoided if you wish to avoid misunderstanding.
Best Answer
"Heavy" in "heavy black coats" is a reference to the thickness of the fabric. It is not, for instance, a light windbreaker, it's made of a relatively sturdy fabric. There is not generally a "heavy black" color, though one might see it in literary contexts.
The "light" in "light gray jacket," however, I would usually take to mean a jacket of unspecified weight in a light-gray color, unless context clearly indicated "light" was a fabric weight.