Learn English – What happened first: “ye”/”you” merging to “you”, or “thou”/”thee” falling out of common use

Thee, thou, and thine (or thy) are Early Modern English second person singular pronouns. Thou is the subject form (nominative), thee is the object form, and thy/thine is the possessive form.

Before they all merged into the catch-all form you, English second person pronouns distinguished between nominative and objective, as well as between singular and plural (or formal):

thou - singular informal, subject (Thou art here. = You are here.)
thee - singular informal, object (He gave it to thee.)
ye - plural or formal, subject
you - plural or formal, object

Interestingly, when the first English translations of the Bible were being made, the informal thee and thou were used specifically in reference to God to indicate an approachable, familiar God, but as the language changed this paradoxically brought thee and thou to sound more formal to the modern English speaker.

1. I was able to find an article that explains how this, that, and the changed. (You may not be able to get into the full article, unless you're paying a lot for college tuition like I am.)

It compares the language from two different versions of the same poem, one in Cotton Caligula A. ix and the other in Cotton Otho C. xiii. While both manuscripts were written in a Central West Midlands dialect around the same time ("the second half of the thirteenth century"), there were plenty of differences:

Caligula appears to be closer to the original with the language more archaic than that of Otho, which shortened and modernized Laзamon's narrative.

Although the article is clearly written about Early Middle English, the context is nice to have:

Here should be mentioned also an increasing use of þisse in genitive, dative, and post-prepositional contexts, which in Otho almost completely replaces þisses, þissen, and þissere. * This apparently reduced form is only one step removed from indeclinable þis: it would lose the final vowel and merge into the latter in due course of time.

* This spot leads to the following footnote (which answers your first question):

Old English has the genitive or dative singular feminine þisse as well as þissere, “developed by parasiting from þisre” (Campbell, §711). Some instances of þisse therefore could be a reflex of the historical feminine form, though it should rather be taken as a reduced form of þissere, which is almost exclusively found as the genitive or dative singular feminine in Caligula, in line with the development of þisses and þissen.
_{Unhistorical Gender Assignment in Laзamon's Brut: The Development of a Tripartite System of Defining Words, The, That, and This}

2. You should use the nominative case for "this". (You also need a verb!) Here's an example (masculine case):

þes is min leofa sunu ðe me wel licað.

This is my dear son who greatly pleases me.

_{Old English from ÆCHom II, 4 B1.2.5
"Translation" from Instructional Writing in English: Studies in Honour of Risto Hiltunen}

You should say "Hwæt! þēos is míne hand!"

On a related note, it's interesting to note that some words, notably lichama (body, masculine noun), were not always written with the "right" gender, depending on context:

þis is min lichama.
_{The Gospel of Saint Luke in West-Saxon}