I see many words in English have the same phonetics but I don't know why they sound different.
It means if we read the phonetics and pronounce, it will be wrong.
Here are the examples.
- fun : /fʌn/
- hunt : /hʌnt/
- luck : /lʌk/
- hulk : /hʌlk/
- bulk : /bʌlk/
As you can see, the vowels in the words above are spelled with the same letter ("u") and transcribed with the same phonetic symbol ("ʌ"), but all of them sound different.
Fun and hunt sound similar, but they sound quite different from hulk or bulk.
If I pronounce the u
vowel on hulk
~ luck
or fun
, it might be wrong
-
Hulk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Egmj936pdG8
Or listening to Robert Downey Jr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMpCCo8Evnc
Why? What's the role of the phonetic symbol "ʌ" and how do I pronounce these words correctly based on reading phonetics?
Best Answer
As Hot Licks said in a comment, and Peter Shor said in his answer, the pronunciation of a vowel may be altered by the surrounding sounds. But not all phonetically distinguishable vowel sounds are considered to be distinct "phonemes" of a language. When the difference in pronunciation is predictable from the context, a pair of vowel phones may be considered to be "conditioned allophones" of a single vowel phoneme, and an English dictionary will write them with the same symbol, even though they don't sound exactly the same.
Many English vowels have some kind of allophony that is conditioned by a following "dark l" sound [ɫ]. But the phonetically distinct vowel sounds used before "dark l" are not considered to be phonemically distinct in most accents. (In some accents, mergers may occur before dark l, which suggests that there is a phonemic change in these accents. For example, some American English speakers may pronounce "hulk" the same as a hypothetical word "hoolk" /hʊlk/ or "hawlk" /hɔlk/.)
Other examples of vowel allophony that is conditioned by a following "dark l" [ɫ]
This isn't just something that's applicable to /ʌ/. For example, my /u/ is central [ʉ] or even front [y] when it's not before [ɫ], but back [u] before [ɫ]. (There is a blog post by the linguist Geoff Lindsey that talks about the existence of this kind of allophony in British English: "GOOSE backing"). To a lesser extent, my /ʊ/ is also backer before [ɫ] than in other contexts. Likewise, the front vowel phonemes /ɛ/, /æ/ and /ɪ/ are backed for me before [ɫ].
My /o/ ("goat") seems to be somewhat backer before [ɫ] than in other contexts, but to me, the most noticeable difference is in the trajectory of the vowel—in most contexts, it sounds like a closing diphthong that I would transcribe as [oʊ̯], but before [ɫ], it sounds like an opening diphthong that I would transcribe as [oə̯]. There is a similar pattern of allophony for me for /e/ and /i/—before [ɫ], the way I pronounce these sounds somewhat like [eə̯] and [iə̯] respectively.
So I don't use exactly the same phonetic vowels in fool and soon, pull and put, bell and bet, pal and pat, bill and bit, bowl and boat, fail and fate, heal and heat. But these pairs of words are still considered to have the same vowel "phonemes".
The distribution of the "dark l" [ɫ] allophone of /l/
The distribution of "dark l" follows different rules in different dialects. As far as I know, in all dialects that make any use at all of a "dark l" sound, it is used for /l/ before word-final consonants, but Peter Shor's answer mentions some words where the "l" is between vowels and may be dark or light depending on the dialect. A prior question asks about this topic: L in the middle of a word: dark l or light l?
"An amphichronic approach to English syllabification" (Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, 2013) describes some relevant data and analyses.
[...]
[...]
Apparently, Peter Shor's dialect has the same rule as the "SP dialect" that Bermúdez-Otero mentions, while my dialect has the "foot-based" rule.
There is also a blog post by John Wells that describes a similar phenomenon in some accents of British English: "newly minimal" (2012).
The realization of vowel allophones, as well as the existence of vowel mergers, varies between accents
It's certainly not the case that all American English speakers merge /ʌ/ with /ʊ/ (the vowel sound of "book") before [ɫ], so I wouldn't agree with the idea that it's "wrong" to pronounce all of fun, hunt, luck, hulk and bulk with a vowel phone somewhere around [ʌ].