My guess would be that cruel is used to indicate a person or something personified: oh, cruel one—not cruelty.
1.) If a poet uses uncommon instruments confined to poetry in order to fit the metre/rhythm of his verse, he is said to be using them metri causa, "for the sake of metre" (Latin). I don't think there is any more specific term to match your examples.
Using a double negative to mean a (strong) negative is now just slang, which can be used as a figure of speech.
Using a double negative to mean a (strong) positive is called litotes:
There was no lack of willing maidens.
2.) Omitting letters (mostly vowels) in the middle of a word is called syncope.
3.) [Edited:] Assonance means simply that you use two words or syllables in close proximity that (only) share the same vowel sound, as opposed to consonance, where they share the same consonant sound. If they share initial consonants, it is called alliteration.
Assonance: of lock and pot
Consonance: all the levels will collapse
Alliteration: seven sodden sisters
Your example ev'n–heav'n would be consonance; there might be a word for semi-assonance, but I don't know any. I'm not sure what to make of come–one–home: it is conceivable that their vowels were identical in 16th-century pronunciation. Even and heaven might even have rhymed in the 16th century—I don't know.
It has two negative clauses (Didn't I tell you AND I didn't want any trouble) but, no, it's not a "double negative".
Best Answer
If "I can't get any satisfaction" and "I can't get no satisfaction" mean the same thing, and the words "I", "can't", "get", and "satisfaction" mean the same thing in both sentences, then necessarily, the words "no" and "any" mean the same thing in that context.
Whether or not a word is a "negative" is a question about its meaning. It's a negative, in that context, if it means the absence of something and not the presence of something.
Thus if "no" is a negative in "I can't get no satisfaction", then "any" is a negative in "I can't get any satisfaction".