Learn English – word that means “to understand deeply on an intellectual level”

apperception.

1. Conscious perception with full awareness.
2. The process of understanding by which newly observed qualities of an object are related to past experience.

Moreover from "Dictionary of Philosophy" by Dagobert D. Runes:

In psychology,

apperception is "the process by which new experience is assimilated to and transformed by the residuum of past experience of an individual to form a new whole."

In short, it is to perceive new experience in relation to past experience.

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In epistomology,

"the introspective or reflective apprehension by the mind of its own inner states."

I think narrow-minded could come close to what you are looking for.

Lacking tolerance, breadth of view, or sympathy; petty.