[Ethereum] How Ethereum confirm the transaction

Each account has a globally accessible nonce which prevents same-chain replay attacks and double spends. The nonce is the sequence number, which miners check, because a block that has a transaction with an incorrect nonce is an invalid block (other miners won't build on top of it). (The nonce does not protect against cross-chain replay attacks.)

Second message (with higher nonce) can't be confirmed before the first.

See this for complementary details such as:

a global state stores a list of accounts with balances, code, and internal storage

a transaction is valid if the sending account has enough balance to pay for it, in which case the sending account is debited and the receiving account is credited with the value

When you send a transaction, you will receive back a transaction hash.

Use the command getTransactionByHash({transaction hash}) to retrieve the transaction details. Your blockNumber should be non-null if the transaction has been mined and included into a block.

The call is documented in https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC#eth_gettransactionbyhash with the following example:

// Request
curl -X POST --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_getTransactionByHash","params":["0xb903239f8543d04b5dc1ba6579132b143087c68db1b2168786408fcbce568238"],"id":1}'

// Result
{
  "id":1,
  "jsonrpc":"2.0",
  "result": {
    "hash":"0xc6ef2fc5426d6ad6fd9e2a26abeab0aa2411b7ab17f30a99d3cb96aed1d1055b",
    "nonce":"0x",
    "blockHash": "0xbeab0aa2411b7ab17f30a99d3cb9c6ef2fc5426d6ad6fd9e2a26a6aed1d1055b",
    "blockNumber": "0x15df", // 5599
    "transactionIndex":  "0x1", // 1
    "from":"0x407d73d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1",
    "to":"0x85h43d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1",
    "value":"0x7f110" // 520464
    "gas": "0x7f110" // 520464
    "gasPrice":"0x09184e72a000",
    "input":"0x603880600c6000396000f300603880600c6000396000f3603880600c6000396000f360",
  }
}

Then call eth_blockNumber (https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC#eth_blocknumber) to get the current block height. Your number of confirmations is the eth_blockNumber result minus the eth_getTransaction blockNumber result.