Explanation
In the entity list, there is a linked_portal_door for this purpose; it is used in the Death Trap (in map sp_a4_finale2.bsp
):
This entity is designed to link two separate, distant areas together without any clear transition between the two. This entity is exclusive to Portal 2.
It is used in Chapter 9, in the Chamber 75 Death Trap with all the crap turrets. The room is actually completely separate from its supposed surroundings. It is the only use of this entity in the final version of the game, though commentary states that it was used a lot during the development of the title to link chambers together.
I guess that the development team first made the rooms separate so that they could wipe a bad room, then connect them later when the levels were more perfect, and I suppose that this room didn't fit.
Pictures
Here is a picture of the Death Trap that isn't connected to the other rooms:
Near the threshold and a tiny step (noclip fly) to either side:
Video
You might want to skip the commentary and long walk and go to 04:30. From here on he shows the box from outside at the three locations (before box, in box, after box); he first does this slowly, then at a later point he goes between all of them in quicker succession. This might show the trick better than above pictures.
Thanks to Jon Ericson in the comments for finding this video.
Best Answer
While Arda Xi's comment seems to imply that you won't be able to grab them from the game folder, this guy on Reddit and this guy have been uploading hi-res images of the posters somehow(perhaps recreating them themselves?), so if you want them, here are a few:
Also, if you're interested in buying prints of the posters, Valve is selling them in the Valve store: here are the underground posters, the 1940s posters, and the "My boss is a robot".