Can the bard play music or musical instruments

No, you cannot be named Guildmaster until you resolve your unfinished business with Nocturnal.

Benefits of being named Guild Master include a tribute chest full of (respawning!) loot, the Guild Master armor (an improved version of the Thieves Guild armor you were issued on joining, and a perk giving +25% Armor Rating when wearing a full set of Guild Armor.

Nope, there is currently no other way, as this one was already difficult enough to come up with. Even on pc, there is no way to use the console to work it out. It is probably what you already found, but I will add it anyway in case someone else is looking for it:

According to The Elder Scrolls wiki:

Solution #1 - For adventurers who have not cleared Driftshade Refuge or completed the quest to find the Helm of Winterhold.

You may get the bug if you have the quest to retrieve the Helm of Winterhold for the Jarl of Winterhold, under misc quests, but have not completed the quest to retrieve the Helm. Load up on invisibility potions and sneak through the Refuge (killing no one), retrieve the Helm, and return it to the Jarl. Then return to Whiterun and Vilkas should give you the next quest, Purity of Revenge.

NOTE: You don't need to sneak or use invisibility potions in Driftshade Refuge. I ran through full speed ignoring everything until I got the helm and ran out. Turned the quest into the Jarl and THEN went to kill the witches. This wont work if you have already killed the witches and got the message to return to Kodlak. As long as you do NOT talk to Vilkas and finish Blood's Honor, you can repair the glitch in this fashion. -Correction- this CAN be done if the witches have been killed already and you HAVE NOT returned to Whiterun. Sneak through to retrieve the helm and return the Helm of Winterhold to the Jarl of Winterhold in order to complete the quest. After the quest is complete make your return to Jorrvaskr, and Vilkas should give you the next quest, Purity of Revenge. (XBOX). Confirmed x2 on Xbox 360. **** This also worked on PS3, I was detected twice inside Driftshade Refuge but I hid long enough for the enemies to go back to patrol mode.

Actually, you might want to describe more accurately at which point of the Companions quest you are (for example, if you already returned to Jorvasskr or not)