Civilization – plant and chop forest multiple times for production in Civilization 6

tl;dr: you get the base resource, but the resource doesn't count as being "improved" in any way.

As a Stack Overflow user, my first thought is to check the documentation. (Yes, there is a manual.) According to page 48:

To utilize a resource, it first must be within your civilization’s borders, and then you must construct the appropriate "improvement" in that hex, or found a city on top of it.

(emphasis mine)

It's not clear whether the city gets the additional improvement bonuses, such as counting for adjacency purposes.

That didn't satisfy me, so I ran some tests.

I found a spot with a mine-able resource (niter, base 3 food/1 production) next to empty regular grassland (just 2 food). After I built the city on the niter, I saw niter appear in my nation's list of available resources, but the tile continued to produce the same 3F/1P. When I reloaded and built the city on the grassland, then built a mine on the niter, it started to produce 3F/4P instead. Conclusion: cities do not count as resource improvements (i.e. mines, pastures, &c.)

To test adjacency, I placed a farm immediately to the right of the grassland city, which was a rice grassland hex. Its base value was 3F, and the farm boosted its production to 4F. Then I started another playthrough where the city was not adjacent to either hex, and placed farms on both hexes. The production went from base 2F/3F to 4F/5F after the farms were built. Conclusion: cities do not grant resource adjacency bonuses (which really isn't a surprise since we already know they don't count as resource improvements in the first place).

I did this with a game starting in the Information Age (just so I would have the farm adjacency bonus available for testing) and the leader Catherine de Medici of France (because she doesn't have any special abilities that would interfere with these tests).

Side note: when I put the city on the regular grassland hex, the hex gained an extra unit of production. Based on the available evidence, I don't think this has anything to do with resources; I speculate that it's the game's way of making sure that no city starts with 0 production (and ends up in a sad, perpetual state of never being able to build anything at all).

EDIT:

Hey, I have points now, so I can include the screenshots I took. You can see the city doesn't improve the niter yield at all, nor does it provide/receive an adjacency bonus to/from the farm.

Here are the bonuses from being a Suzerain as listed in the wiki:

• The city-state follows you into war and peace with other players.
• Your units may enter city-state lands.
• Your Builder units may improve city-state tiles.
• See 3 tiles around the city-state.
• Can pay Gold to temporarily take control of the city-state's military.
• Gain ownership of all the city-state's resources.

• Not listed but you are also give their unique bonus for being their Suzerain. All the city states and their unique bonuses are listed -> here.

You specifically asked about the last one, gaining ownership. This is the same as it was in prior Civ games. By being the suzerain you get the luxury and strategic resources that they have. The luxury ones provide amenities (if you don't already have that resource), and strategic ones can be used for the corresponding units.

In no Civ games including this one do you ever get food/production resources from being the Ally/Suzerain of a city state. They just list that you control all resources, but the excess bonus resources do not give you anything as they are for providing bonus production/food on specific tiles.