I was surprised when after ordering my Privateer to attack a weakened city, he conquered it for me! I was not aware that ships can capture cities in Civ 5.
This makes me wonder: what ships are capable of capturing cities?
Civilization – Which ships can capture cities
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Related Solutions
Although bwarner's answer was helpful as always, no one verified beyond "I think so" that puppet cities are affected by each of the civilization wide effects, so I did some testing and:
Yes, puppet cities are affected normally by all civilization-wide effects.
I can't verify that there are no exceptions, but I verified at least one of each of the things I was concerned about...
The Testing
Civilization Special Trait
I loaded up France on easy, and went about conquering. Japan fell, giving me Kyoto to play with. As soon as I conquered the city and took it as a puppet, it was producing 2 culture. This matches perfectly with France's ability, so CHECK!
More Test Setup
Having acquired my victim, I setup the test: social policy ready, golden-age ready, and wonder ready all on the same turn! (Save file available upon request, whenever I get around to it after that.)
Before
Social Policy
I enacted Liberty->Republic, which gives +1 production/city. That matches, so CHECK!
Golden Age
I already had culture working for me, so I started the golden age by enacting the social policy Piety->Reformation. Clearly shows an increase in both gold and production, CHECK!
World Wonder
If you take a look at all of my cities from the same turn, you can see Orleans is about to finish the Sistine Chapel, which gives +33% culture/city. I went to the next turn, and without any growth or buildings completing, the after shows increased culture on Kyoto. (Lyon also started with 7 culture and ended with 9 as well, so the rounding definitely matches.) CHECK!
Everything checks out. I suppose puppets really are just normal cities that you don't control. I would still love to hear if anyone finds any exceptions!
All cities remember only the original civ that built them. It's much more cost-efficient in the long run to raze cities and resettle in the same place with your own settler given the oftentime nigh untenable cost of the courthouse building (and the fact that it can't be purchased).
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Best Answer
Any ship with a melee attack can capture a city; ships with ranged attacks can't. There's even an achievement for it in the Fall Of Rome scenario.