Clash of Clans – How Santa’s Surprise Spell Damages Storages

Rage spell will increase all troops'es damage and heal, it just won't affect on other spells.

From wiki :

The Rage Spell creates a translucent purple ring on the battlefield that boosts the movement speed and damage of any friendly units inside the ring. In the case of Healers, the Rage Spell increases their healing by a similar amount.

For test you can send a level 5 wall breaker toward some level 7 walls, he will destroy the wall with rage spell but he can't destroy it without the spell.

The Clash of Clans Wikia has a breakdown of all defenses and their damage rate per shot, including the splash radius where applicable. For instance, see this page for the Mortar.

At level 1, the Mortar does 20 damage per shot (= 4 damage/sec) with a 1.5 tile splash radius.

I don't want to completely reproduce their tables, but you can get an index of all the defensive buildings on this page.