Neither. Dwellers in the vault take radiation damage where there isn't enough water. As long there is enough water, you don't have to worry about any radiation.
Dwellers in the Wasteland with less than 10 END will take Radiation damage over time. There is no risk of them passing this radiation damage on to other dwellers.
EDIT:
As of 1.1, wasteland explorers with END up to 12 take Rad damage, but so little they will use 25 stimpacks and die before they need a single Radaway
I've noticed that deathclaws tend to attack right after a new dweller joins the waiting line outside my vault OR right after I let someone into the vault from the waiting line. They don't seem to attack randomly while nothing else is going on.
To answer your specific question:
How can I stop all these deathclaws from eating my dwellers, while still attracting new ones?
You can't stop them
You can stop them from coming by not clicking on the radio room (so no one gets added to the line outside the vault) and by never letting dwellers in or out of the vault (so the door never opens). Obviously this is not really feasible as it prevents you from adding fresh blood to your vault and from getting the weapons you need to defend it.
In case you thought lunchboxes would be your savior: sorry. Dwellers from lunchboxes don't bring deathclaw attacks when they join the waiting line, but they can still trigger an attack when they enter the vault. I haven't done testing to determine if there is a lower percentage chance for lunchbox dwellers, but I have triggered a deathclaw attack when I brought Bittercup into the vault.
But you can resist
You can minimize the damage that the deathclaws cause by arming all of the dwellers in the topmost levels with the best weapons and outfits you have. Posting guards in the vault entrance is also helpful. Your goal is to have each room wear the deathclaws down as they go deeper into the vault. The deathclaws move from room to room fairly quickly, so manually sending a dweller with the best guns to chase them down is difficult. You can try sending the defensive guys a few rooms ahead of the deathclaws to wait for them, but equipping the the dwellers assigned to the room with guns is faster and should have better results.
Plural of anecdote is data, right?
Some facts from personal experience:
In my fancy vault with 150+ dwellers and Mr Handys, the deathclaws will be killed on the second or third level down. In that vault, everyone on the top floors is carrying weapons that do 10+ damage per hit, and the deathclaws still get past vault entrance, top floor room (with 6 dwellers), and one or both of the second floor rooms before dying. No one dies when this vault is attacked, but they whine about the damage they took.
In my not so fancy vault with 100 dwellers, everyone on the top floors is carrying rifles or better (so minimum 5 damage per hit on most of the second floor and third floor, min 6 damage on the topmost floor). Deathclaws here will get through the top two floors with ease, start to die on the 3rd floor, and be finished off on the fourth floor. After the last attack I had to revive three dwellers and pass out all 25 stimpacks. The deathclaws also stole/drainined/rekt about half of my water/power/food resources. This was a pain in the ass but not as difficult to get out of as the early vault death spiral.
tl;dr:
Don't let anyone in or out of the vault; don't let anyone line up in front of the vault. Complain to Bethesda so that deathclaws will get nerfed in the next patch.
Best Answer
From my experience, short answer is no.
Dweller levels, as much as that affect health pools, determine how much damage it looks like the Deathclaws are doing and Dweller weapons will determine how fast Deathclaws are killed. Higher levels/health pools make it look like Deathclaws do less damage, and stronger weapons will kill the Deathclaws faster.
With weapons that range between 7-15 average damage, I can stop a Deathclaw attack within three rooms, where each room besides the Vault Entrance has 6 people, all equipped with a weapon. But since they rooms tend to hold my newest and lowest level Dwellers, I have to use two Stimpacks on each Dweller during the attack before the Deathclaws move to another room.