So far, from what I could read online (in this guide and on the wikia, among other sources):
Briefing screen
Pay grade
The pay grade for a mission indicates how much cash players can expect to get out of a mission -- source.
Also this thread suggests it can go up to 10 stars.
Day rate
The dayly income rate is a cash reward with a multiplier for the day a heist takes (e.g. 1x in The Bank Heists and 3x in the Rats Heist) -- source.
Contract pay
The contract payment is a flat amount of cash reward based on the number of white stars (pay grade) -- source.
Payday
The overall payday is the sum of the other two cash rewards (pay grade and contract pay) and will be shown on the map if you select a heist -- source.
Yellow bonuses
These bonuses come directly from the difficulty (or "risk") of the mission, pictured by the yellow skulls on this very same screen. Normal = no skull -- overkill = 3 skulls.
Debriefing screen
Instant cash and bag loot items
The instant cash it the one you loot and put in your pockets directly during the game (jewels, cash bundles, ...) The bags are those heavy packs of money, jewels or even drug you'll have to carry in order to achieve a mission.
Balance
This section contains the sum of all the amounts contained in the Income section ($332,400 in the example given in the question) distributed between two type of accounts: the offshore account and the spending cash.
Offshore account
The offshore account consist of most of the money players steal during the course of their heisting career.
The player has no way of interacting with their offshore account and is only used to show off how much the player has stolen -- source.
Since August 30 2013, you can use your offshore account to directly buy specific missions from Crime.net.
Spending cash
The cash you get, finally. In the given example, it's 10% of the total amount, but so far I couldn't find any precise calculation to know if that percentage can vary or not.
This is the offshore account money and 10% of that becomes you spendable cash. -- source.
When you first start PD2 you will have a penalty depending on the heist type compared to your level.
There is a table on this link which shows different values for heists based on level: http://payday.wikia.com/wiki/Reputation_(Payday_2)
Any XP / cash rewards are only for you. You and your crew will have different modifers such as Infamy bonus, XP repeat heist penalty, XP level penalty, bonus XP from perk deck, etc. Which was one of the reasons I stopped getting Dead Presidents, as it didn't benefit the crew.
You can avoid the XP reduction for repeating heists penalty by not repeating the same missions over and over, spread them out over lots of different missions. Once you get this negative modifier it takes a while to get rid of it. But if you do a Stealh job that can offset some of the lost XP.
Sources:
http://payday.wikia.com/wiki/Reputation_(Payday_2)
And nearly 1,000 hours gametime!
Best Answer
First, you get perk points by gaining experience, you can then pick a perk deck to put your perk points into. The amount of perk points required to unlock a perk in the perk deck goes up the further you get into the deck.
Perks will give you bonuses similar to the old tier bonuses, but also some more interesting ones, such as the ability to buy an asset that allows you to switch armour while in the game.
You can refund your points and pick another deck to put them into as long as you have not fully unlocked the perk you're refunding the points from. Once a perk is unlocked, those points have been spent.
And finally you can only have a single perk deck active at a time, but you can invest in many.