How to acquire Armour boxes

Take a look at the Wiki on the page Mystic Forge. It will tell you where the forge is, how it is used, and some predictable recipes. The forge lets you do two things. First you can create recipes to craft other items like consumables, weapons, or armor. Second, the forge can be used to create better crafting materials of one type higher.

The examples the wiki gives are as follows:

Common Crafting Material Promotion

Common crafting materials can be promoted to a small pile of higher tier materials with the following formula. The tier of dust needed is equivalent to the tier of the wanted product. So, if you are hoping to create Orichalcum, a tier 6 common material, you need to use Crystalline Dust, a tier 6 dust. If common crafting material B is one tier higher than common crafting material A, then:

10-50 Crafting Material B = 250 Common Crafting Material A (i.e. 250 Mithril Ores) + 1 Common Crafting Material B (i.e. 1 Orichalcum Ores) + 2-5 Dust A (i.e. 5 Pile of Crystalline Dust) + 5 Philosopher's stone

In that example: That recipe will produce 10-50 Orichalcum Ores

Armor boxes and armor satchels

Recipes can be created using the Mystic Forge. They will allow you to craft armor boxes and armor satchels, which will in turn give you every piece of an armor set.

Armor set recipe

Ingredients

5 Bottle of Elonian Wine

20 Arcane Crystal

50 Mystic Coin

1 Armor item

Mystic coins seem to be a common item needed for Food Trays, Weapons and Armor. Also look at this page for current recipe research.

You can see this in action with this video on how to make a Giant Chocolate Cake. Details are in the video summary.

The official Guild Wars 2 Wiki has an article on damage (calculation).

Edit: I'll try to sum it up for you, as damage coming through depends on several factors.

The damage you deal can be raised if you score a critical hit: 1% crit dmg per trait point. Condition damage can also add to the total. +10 cond dmg per trait point.

Effective damage you do is also dependent on the level difference. Then there are the mechanics of sidekicking and scaling, the Protection boon, positioning, projectile distance, ... that are all part of the complete formula.

Update: The wiki article has since been updated, and now contains an easy to understand formula to calculate direct damage. It is

Damage done = (weapon damage) * Power * (skill-specific coefficient) / (target's Armor)

Armor only mitigates direct damage, so condition damage and falling damage is not mitigated by armor.