How to get out of the barracks view

In a normal play through, regardless of difficulty and/or Iron Man-ability, you will reacquire the former equipment of dead soldiers, even if no one makes it back to the skyranger.

In perusing the game's .ini files however, folks have found many references to a "Second Wave" mode, which is made up of optional elements that sometimes radically alter the gameplay.

One of these optional elements, "Total Loss", does exactly what you were wondering about - prevents the posthumous recovery of your soldier's armaments.

Unfortunately, you'll have to beat the game on Impossible to make it available as an option.

The amount of time spent in the hospital after being wounded depends on the amount of damage you take. This means that healing heavily wounded soldiers with a medkit before they leave the mission will not reduce the amount of sickleave your squaddies get -- what matters is how much they take in, not how much they leave with.

How much damage they can take in without being wounded depends entirely on what armor they're wearing. Armor provides bonus health - if they take more damage than the health bonus provided by the armor, they become wounded.

This means that adding Nano-weave Vests to your soldiers reduces the chance they need hospitalizations, even after being shot, as it gives an additional 2 hitpoints worth of "fleshwounds" they can suffer.

How much "Bonus HP" your units have is shown on the loadout screen - for example, they'll be displayed as HP 10 + 3 (combat armor + nanoweave vest).

In general, there is also an Officer Training School bonus that reduces hospital time.

That said, the simplest answer to your question? Don't get shot. The more damage you take, the longer the time off. Avoid damage as much as possible to minimize hospitalizations.