If you have a cyanide tablet available to you, you can suicide instantly.
The alternative options are myriad, but slower. The most obvious choice is waiting for nightfall. Just wait outside the city gates. Zombies will happily oblige you.
Note that dying of suicide or outside the gates at night will cause any achievements from the previous day to be lost (it's considered not living through the whole day). If you're really feeling evil, you could open the gates right before the attack to avoid this (and possibly get the last man standing achievement). EDIT: As LessPop points out, the portal lock prevents this. You could still try your luck, opening the gate right before 23:40 and hoping nobody notices.
When you enter a square for the first time in a day, you have the option to search it. You can do this even if the zone is marked as Depleted, you'll just have less of a chance to find quality items. After you Scavenge the first time, a 2 hour timer will start. After 2 hours, you will search the zone again without having to hit the button or even be online. This is known as autosearching.
If your rucksack is filled while you are autosearching, the next time that you come online, the extra items that did not fit into your rucksack will be dropped onto the ground. You will keep finding things even if your rucksack fills, you just can't carry them with you.
You can only Scavenge/Autosearch a single square once per day. If you are in square 1/0, decide to scavenge, autosearch for a few hours, then move to 2/0, if you move back to 1/0, you will not be able to scavenge 1/0 again. You'll have to wait until the next day.
It's handy to have your rucksack as empty as possible while autosearching, if only because it'll allow you to carry as much as possible back to the town and minimize the amount of AP other people will have to spend coming back to pick up dropped items.
If you become a Hero and choose the Scavenger class, then autosearching will take 30 minutes less and you also have a larger chance to find useful items.
Best Answer
You get a quite obvious notification, the next time you log in. Borrowing from our Die2Nite chat room:
(Yes, I stole once. What of it?)