According to my a source here they do indeed exist and the parts or quests you need to complete are all surrounding the volcano to start off:
Step 1
The first thing you need to do is head to Foothill Stable, south of the giant volcano in the north-east. You’ll see a girl with a broom in front of the stable. Her name is Gaile. Talk to her, and buy 3 Fireproof Elixirs. You’ll need 150 rupees.
Step 2
Take the road north, into the Eldin region. Follow it until you pass a wooden bridge across a lava stream. This part is called Southern Goron Mine.
As soon as you’re off the bridge, look to your left. You should see a weary traveler called Kima. She’ll offer you the Flamebreaker armor in exchange for 10 Fireproof Lizards.
Step 3
They’re not hard to find, but they spook easily, so you’ll have to sneak up on them. Look around the area between the two bridges. If you catch all the ones that roam freely and still don’t have enough, you can lift rocks and find them under. Just keep in mind you need to press the grab button as soon as you start lifting the rock, or else the lizard will escape.
Step 4
Once you’ve got 10, talk to Kima again, and she’ll give you the suit. If you want the helmet and trousers, you’ll have to visit Goron City farther up the road. Go to the armor store there and you’ll see them on display. The Flamebreaker Boots cost 700 rupees, while the Flamebreaker Helmet is a whooping 2000.
I don't know the stats that the suit holds only that they are fire resistant.
Another suit ( That Link doesn't like ) is a free womans suit in gerudo town.
The tutorial can be found here.
Comment by Gwelin
According to a comment by Gwelin there is a difference between heat and fire protection armour:
The environmental conditions between Gerudo Desert and Death Mountain are different—Heat for the former, and Fire for the latter. Protection from Fire will not help in extreme heat, and protection from Heat will not keep Link from bursting in to flames.
All buffs come in several stages. Look at these icons on your inventory screen:
See that line below it, how half of it is light grey and half of it is dark? That means you have a "level 1" buff out of a maximum two. Other things like Movement Speed have three segments like this.
Both equipment and consumables will add to this buff meter. There doesn't seem to be any added effect if you exceed the maximum.
Best Answer
For elixers, the magnitude of the effect is determined by the number of things used that give the boost, and duration is determined by the "quality" of the monster part you combine them with. Typically, the harder to get the monster part, the longer the duration of elixer is creates.
You need to combine 4 of the same boost in an elixer to get a +3 boost to a stat.