How to turn Jute scrap into Jute bolts

Eh? Jewelers make Amulets.

I'm not sure what else to tell you. If you don't want to make one yourself (or can't!) check the Black Lion Trading House, or Karma Vendors, as I don't think Amulets are very common drops.

The accessory slots you see in the Hero Panel are from left-to-right, top-to-bottom: back, trinket, trinket, amulet, ring, and ring. Here's a picture of what you should see in game (notice the amulet bottom-left):

First thing to know about items, exotic items have the highest stats possible. Crafting a legendary item won't up the stats, only change the skin (maybe something else, but it won't influence your damage output or resistance).

Considering this, all you need is to find your best way of getting an exotic set.

1. Farm a dungeon and exchange the dungeons tokens against items (sellers are in Lyon's Arch). The prices are given in the link you posted.
2. Craft it yourself, you need to be 400 in crafting and you will need lvl 400 crafting components such as Orichalcum and Ectoplams.
3. Buy it at the trading post. Weirdly, it is there that I have found it the least expensive. It's even cheaper than crafting it yourself (you can get most for 2 or 3 gold a piece).
4. Karma vendors, but I unfortunately don't know much about these. I don't know if they sell exotic items.

For non-exotic items, they will have weaker stats (rare for example is just a simpler version of the exotic item), but all the same. Two rares of the same type (heavy, medium, light) will have the same armor. So to answer your question, tiers would simply be:

1. Fine (blue)
2. Masterwork (green)
3. Rare (yellow)
4. Exotic (orange) or Legendary (red)