Sometimes the game will "forget" where certain points came from, and award them under additional points.
For example, I just received 2820 additional points BUT my jet score said that I'd scored 0 that round, but I'd actually scored the exact amount that I received in my additional points. It only forgot for the after round tally, as when I checked my vehicle tab, it remembered my actual amount of jet experience (I'd levelled up).
So it seems the varying amounts may be due to for instance, it not remembering that you got a particular ribbon, or a particular service medal.
Here's a video explaining what I mean. It's pretty bad quality, but as you can see, my jet score shows up as 0 when it's tallying points, and I gain 2820 "additional points". Then later when I switch to my vehicles tab, jets has +2820 experience.
Also, as of Back to Karkand (and I'm assuming future expansions will do this too) any assignments you complete will award you 5000 "Additional Points".
Additionally, any XP earned during a double XP weekend will earn you the same amount of XP extra under Additional Points.
If you quit a game early you will not lose any progress. The only reason you'll ever lose progress, is if your game crashes, and even then, it saves most of the time.
Sometimes battlelog screws up and won't show any of your recent games (this has happened to me for 2 days at one point). You're stats will all update and everything will be current, you just can't see any of your battle reports or any of your new unlocks in your feed.
Best Answer
It's a known issue. It is prevalent when using the FAMAS, but others have reported it happening (myself included). DICE says a patch is forthcoming, although it will probably not be included in the June 4 mega-patch.
http://www.computerandvideogames.com/350208/battlefield-3-stat-freeze-glitch-blamed-on-famas/