No. There is no single list that compiles it all, but I'll do my best to make you one.
Thankfully you are only concerned with "the three Great Houses of Telvaani, Redoran, and Hlaalu" and Vampire Clans as typing up the full list for every faction in the game exceeds the character limit for answers. There are thankfully only 95 Great House quests and 6 Vampire quests.
I typed up all quests and rewards as "rare" could apply to many of the magical items, scrolls and skill books. As quest items are technically unique as there is usually only one of each them, I noted(#) these where applicable. Unique Items are also noted(*). Artifacts are noted(!) a well. Only items exclusively available to the quest or that are needed for the quest have been noted. For reference, he wiki's Unique Armor, Unique Weapons, Unique Clothing, Quest Items, Weapon Artifacts, Armor Artifacts, and Clothing Artifacts pages were referred to and are as close as you are likely to get to a single list of awesome stuff.
* preceded quests can be accessed outside of the faction
*Unique Item* #Quest Item# !Artifact!
Quest Reward
Hlaalu
Stronghold Stronghold
Disguise 500 gold and #Native Gah-Julan Bonemold Helm#
Alchemical Formulas None
Inanius Egg Mine 500 gold or 1000 gold or 1500 gold
Guar Hide Squeeze 1000 gold
Delivery for Bivale Teneran 500 gold and Extravagant Pants and Exquisite Shirt
* The Death of Ralen Hlaalo 1000 gold
Epony Trade 1000 gold and Glass Boots and Glass Greaves and Glass Cuirass
* Bank Courier 50 gold
* Murudius Flaeus's Debt 543 gold
Escort Tarvyn Faren 500 gold
Telvanni at Odirniran 500 gold or 1000 gold
Exterminator 1 gold or 1000 gold
Ashlander Ebony 1000 gold
The Shipwreck 'Prelude' 500 gold (#Daedric Wakizashi# is turned in)
Guard Ralen Tilvur 1000 gold
An Admiring Sponsor Sponsorship
Sealed Orders 100 or 500 gold
The Caldera Spy 500 gold or 1000 gold or 1000 gold and 2 Scroll of Golnara's Eye-Maze and 2 Scroll of The Fourth Barrier
Erroneous Documents *Amulet of Domination* or Murdrum Ring or 2 Scroll of Uth's Hand of Heaven and 2 Scroll of The Black Storm and 2 Scroll of Tranasa's Spelltwist
Rent and Taxes -100 gold or None or 100 gold or 400 gold or 500 gold
Shipment of Ebony 500 gold or Dire Shardbolt Ring
Velfred the Outlaw 500 gold or 1000 gold
Kill Banden Indarys 1000 gold
Bero's Support None
Kill Reynel Uvirith 1000 gold
Literacy Campaign None
* The Twin Lamps None
* Free Hides-His-Foot None
Control the Ordinators None (#Robe of St Roris# turned in)
Dealing with Orvas Dren Promotion to Grandmaster in the Hlaalu faction
Redoran
Stronghold Stronghold
* Mudcrab Pests 2 Hackle-Lo Leaf
Deliver Cure Disease Potion None
Founder's Helm None (#Redoran Founder's Helm# is turned in)
* Trouble with Bandits 2 Hackle-Lo Leaf
Guard Sarethi Manor 200 gold
Old Blue Fin 10 Dreugh Wax
Ashimanu Mine None
Kagouti Den None
Shishi Report None
Kill Gordol *Enchanted Ebony Spear*
Rescue Varvur Sarethi Promotion in the Redoran faction
Clear Varvur Sarethi's Name None (#Suspicious Ash Statue# is turned in)
Ondres Nerano's Slanders None
Shurinbaal None
The Mad Lord of Milk Ebony Closed Helm (#Delyna's Locket# is turned in)
Duel with Bolvyn Venim Promotion to Archmaster in the Redoran faction
Ash Statue 4 Quality Restore Health Potions and 1 Cure Blight Disease Potion and 1 Cure Common Disease Potion
Find Fedris Tharen 1 Cure Common Disease Potions or 4 Cure Common Disease Potions
* Find Beden Giladren None
Recover Shields from Andasreth #Redoran Banner Shield#
Mission to Morvayn Manor Amulet of Mighty Blows (#Morvayn Ash Statue# is turned in)
Evidence of Corruption None
Shut the Mines Down Ebony Boots
Taxes from Gnisis None
Nalvilie Saren None
Miner Arobar's Support *Arobar's Amulet* and Redoran Master Helm
* Meril Hlaano's Slanders Holy Shield
Redas Tomb None (#Redas War Axe# and #Redas Robe of Deeds# and #Redas Goblet# are turned in, but will be given back once promoted to Archmaster)
Duel of Honor None
Slay Dagoth Tanis Ancestor's Ring (#Nervion Ancestor Ring# is turned in)
Slay Reynel Uvirith None
Slay Raynasa Rethan None
Escort to Koal Cave Steel Firesword
Armor Repair Debts Glass Frostsword
Telvanni
Stronghold Stronghold
Muck Cure Common Disease Spell
Black Jinx Demoralize Humanoid Spell and Demoralize Creature Spell (#Black Jinx# is turned in)
Sload Soap 250 gold or 500 gold
Staff of the Silver Dawn Glass Jinkblade and Blind Spell (*Silver Staff* is turned in)
New Clothes 500 gold and Mark Spell and Recall Spell (#Therana's Skirt# is turned in)
Slave Rebellion Firestorm Ring and/or Toxic Cloud Ring or Command Creature Spell and Command Humanoid Spell
Dwemer Books *Ondusi's Key* and *Amulet of Admonition* and Second Barrier Belt and *Surefeet*
Dahrk Mezalf Dwemer Shock Centurion Guard and Ring of Lightning Storm
Three Questions for Baladas Demnevanni None or 3 Messenger Scrolls
Mission to Nchuleft *Gothren's Cephalopod Helm*
Coded Message 500 gold (you get 7 Healing Potions and 4 Water Walking Potions and 4 Swift Swim Potions that you may need to use)
Cure Blight 500 gold
Daedra Skin 300 gold and Paralysis Spell
Auriel's Bow *Daedric Cuirass* and *Daedric Greaves* or 11,111 gold (!Auriel's Bow! is turned in)
Flesh Made Whole Amulet of Spell Absorption and 4 Summon Golden Saint Scrolls (Female only) (*Amulet of Flesh Made Whole* is turned in)
Drake's Pride 10 gold (#Robe of the Drake's Pride# is turned in)
Baladas Demnevanni Silver Staff of Peace and Promotion to Aryon's Mouth in the Telvanni faction
Mudan-Mul Egg Mine Alteration Skill Book
Wizard Spells Destruction Skill Book
Odirniran 7 Milyn Faram's Scrolls and *Silver Staff of Hunger* and Illusion Skill Book
Mages Guild Monopoly *Aryon's Dominator*
Shishi Alteration Skill Book and Destruction Skill Book and Silver Staff of War
Recruit a Mouth *Aryon's Helper* and Promotion to Wizard in the Telvanni faction
Kill Raynasa Rethan None
Kill Banden Indarys None
Archmagister Gothren Promotion to Archmagister
Ring of Equity *Ring of Equity*
Amulet of Unity *Amulet of Unity*
Aundae
Blood Ties Services in Ashmelech and #Aundae Signet Ring# (#Sinyaramen's Potion# is turned in, but you can get infinite amounts wearing the ring)
The Vampire Hunter *Aundae Amulet* and *Light of Day* (as loot when not vampire) and *Darksun Shield* (as loot) and access to Aundae cattle
Berne
The Blood of the Quarra Services in Galom Daeus (#Blood of the Quarra Masters# is turned in)
The Vampire Merta *Berne Amulet* and access to Berne cattle
Quarra
The Cult of Lord Irarak 1000 gold and Services in Druscashti
The Quarra Amulet *Quarra Amulet* and access to Quarra cattle
Noteworthy items from the three Great Houses:
- Hlaalu quests can be rewarded with #Native Gah-Julan Bonemold Helm# and *Amulet of Domination*.
- Hlaalu quests turn in #Daedric Wakizashi# and #Robe of St Roris#.
- Redoran quests can be rewarded with *Enchanted Ebony Spear*, #Redoran Banner Shield# and *Arobar's Amulet*.
- Redoran quests turn in #Redoran Founder's Helm#, #Suspicious Ash Statue#, #Delyna's Locket#, #Morvayn Ash Statue#, #Redas War Axe#, #Redas Robe of Deeds#, #Redas Goblet# and #Nervion Ancestor Ring#.
- Redoran Archmaster can get back #Redas War Axe#, #Redas Robe of Deeds# and #Redas Goblet#
- Telvanni quests can be rewarded with *Ondusi's Key*, *Amulet of Admonition*, *Surefeet*, *Gothren's Cephalopod Helm*, *Daedric Cuirass*, *Daedric Greaves*, *Silver Staff of Hunger*, *Aryon's Dominator*, *Aryon's Helper*, *Ring of Equity* and *Amulet of Unity*.
- Telvanni quests turn in #Black Jinx#, *Silver Staff*, #Therana's Skirt#, !Auriel's Bow!, *Amulet of Flesh Made Whole* and #Robe of the Drake's Pride#.
Noteworthy items from the Vampire Clans:
In order to gain a level in Morrowind, you must improve your Major and Minor skills by a combined 10 levels. You can gain 1 level in each skill, or 10 levels in one skill, or any combination thereof.
Afterwards, you need to sleep (not just rest/wait, but sleep, either in a bed or in the wilderness), and you will be able to gain a level.
When gaining a level, bonuses will appear, up to +5, for your different attributes, depending on the skills you leveled up since your last level. This includes skills that are neither major nor minor skills. Therefore, increasing these other skills can be a good way to ensure you get a +5 in the stats most important to you. The bonus is defined by the attribute associated with the skill, so therefore, Luck will never get a modifier.
You pick 3 attributes to increase at levelup, so if you have bonuses on 4 or more attributes, extra bonuses will be lost.
It's also important to note that, if you gain more than 10 major/minor skills before you get a chance to sleep, the extras will carry over towards counting for your next level. You will only gain one level for each time you sleep, so if you've gained 20 or more skills, you'll need to sleep at least twice to gain all your levels.
Any attribute bonuses you've accrued go away as soon as you've gained a level, so it's generally preferable to level as soon as you get the 10th skill, or else you're liable to waste attribute bonuses you could have used otherwise.
Best Answer
Short answer: No, there is nothing stopping a player from confronting Dagoth Ur right from the start, but you will need Sunder and Keening to actually accomplish anything.
Longer answer:
Ghostfence is fairly easy to get past. The gate is IIRC openable right from the start, you can levitate over the fence anyway, and if all else fails, the Scrolls of Icarian Flight can get you pretty much anywhere; just use a second scroll, or any source of Slowfall or to land, and you're done.
Without Sunder and Keening, though, you've no way to actually destroy the heart, so you'll need to go grab those on the way. Wraithguard can be safely skipped, as long as you have some way to survive the damage caused by the other two artifacts. That's not an easy thing to do, but it is certainly possible. A common method involves getting 100 pts of Resist Magicka, since the damage from Sunder/Keening is magical. The Heart Ring dropped by Dagoth in the first fight is handy here; even though it only lasts 30 seconds, that's more than enough time to destroy the Heart.
Ultimately, the game can be beaten without ever having to fight anything, or even complete any proper quests beyond the tutorial. But doing so involves running past some very strong enemies without the levels or equipment you normally need to survive them; look up Morrowind Speedruns on YouTube (or anywhere else on the internet speedruns can be found) to see some of the ways people survive the run into Red Mountain.