1.9 Solution

Place the following command in a repeating command block set to always active:

/execute @a[x=a,y=b,z=c,r=d] ~ ~ ~ tp @p e f g

Where:

• a, b, and c are the XYZ co-ordinates that you want to teleport players from
• d is the radius in blocks around that point where players will be selected (min 1)
• e, f, and g are the XYZ co-ordinates that you want to teleport players to (i.e. the destination)

1.8 Solution

Use the same command as above, but since no repeating command blocks exist, place the command block on a fill clock.

Your command is working perfectly fine. Make sure it runs on a clock!

It has a couple flaws though:

• not multiplayer friendly: You would teleport every player, once a bottle is in the air
• suspended player: The player will not be able to move until the bottle hits the ground, as you're constantly teleporting him. This is especially bad if you happen to throw a bottle down a high cliff.

But here is an alternative solution, that is more reliable and multiplayer friendly!
The first thing you need to do, is to set up a scoreboard achievement: (type this in chat)

/scoreboard objectives add ExpThrown stat.useItem.minecraft.experience_bottle

This will count the number of times a player has thrown an experience bottle.
The next thing you want to do is to build a clock that activates a command block with the following command:

tp @a[score_ExpThrown_min=1] x y z

That is going to teleport all the players that have thrown an experience bottle to the specified coordinates (replace x, y and z).
Now, place a comparator facing away from that command block, into a new one with this command:

scoreboard players set @a[score_ExpThrown_min=1] ExpThrown 0

That will reset the objective, so that you only get teleported once.