Minecraft – Why won’t this redstone and command block setup work like the other one

I have two possible solutions for you.

First Solution

If you are trying to select a player using the selector relative to where the player is located from a specific coordinate, the selector code doesn't except the '~' character like many commands do to communicate relative coordinates. Instead use dx, dy, & dz. As an example, using the numbers from your execute command

execute @p[x=X,y=Y,z=Z,dx=10,dy=0,dz=15] ~ ~ ~ setblock 400 15 400 dirt 0 replace

This will select a player remotely, as you described above, if your command block is far away (within 16 loaded chunks I believe), and will set up a "volume" or a "box" that is x=~10, dy=~0, and dz=~15 that has an origin (starting corner) at the specific coordinate x=X, y=Y, & z=Z, where X, Y, & Z are positive or negative integers: decimal numbers are not excepted.

As long as the location/zone where the player needs to be detected isn't moving to some other location in the world, this should work just fine.

Second Solution

If the player walking over blue stained glass, for example, could be used to trigger your event instead, here's how you might accomplish that.

execute @a ~ ~ ~ detect ~ ~-1 ~ minecraft:stained_glass 11 setblock 400 15 400 dirt 0 replace

The documentation from the official minecraft wiki looks like this

execute <entity> <x> <y> <z> detect <x2> <y2> <z2> <block> <data> <command …>

where <data> is where you would enter the data value of the color of glass you wish to use to trigger a specific event (11 being blue). <x2> <y2> <z2> are just the coordinates of the block you'd like to detect. In the example I used ~ ~-1 ~ which just detects for a blue stained glass block below all players (which the all players @a selector can be replaced with whatever selector you happen find best to use).

Hopefully this helps.

As a Warning

Based on what I have read from the wiki, it may cause the execute command to fail if a player who does not have permission to execute the specified command is selected. Which means, if your players are meant to be in survival or adventure mode, you may have to use the execute command on an invisible entity (such as an armor stand with NBT tags set to {Marker:1,Inivisible:1}) to detect whether a player has entered the specified area, and then trigger the event that way.

Once it turns on the lamp trigger this command:

/blockdata (pos of the command_block with the clear command) {SuccesCount:0}

Then do a delay with redstone repeaters that triggers a command block with this command:

/setblock x y z minecraft:unpowered_comparator

Where the x, y, and z are the coordinates of your comparator. This will reset the comparator to an off state.