Ny easy way to determine what equipment I am wearing

if I have 100 points in light armor and I'm wearing a ring which gives me +12 to light armor, would it result in my Light Armor skill being 112

Yes. Your modified Light Armor skill is 112.

• For armor skills, each point above 100 is another 0.4% increase to armor. (Mind the 567 armor rating cap).
• For weapon skills, each point above 100 is a percent increase to damage.
• For crafting, each point above 100 increases the outcome when skill is involved. (upgrading, enchanting, etc).

For the other skills, going above 100 may not produce the expected effect. Pickpocketing, in particular, may overflow and give lower chance of success than you'd have with 100 skill.

The easiest way is Smithing and Enchanting. Barring that, simply level up. As you do so, Merchants inventories, quest rewards, and items found in the wild will improve.

Alternately, you could pursue some of Skyrims fabulous and exotic Artifacts, which are non-levelled magical items of exceptional power. Several of the Daedric ones are particularly good.

In the case of Armor, one important thing to note is that there is technically a 'cap' of 567 Armor - 80% physical damage reduction. A fully Smithing upgraded set of Hide armor yields somewhere in the neighborhood of 700 Armor with all the appropriate perks, so realistically, you can wear whatever looks good or has enchantments that you're fond of once you have the appropriate perks and upgrade it at a workbench.