Starting a new campaign does not erase achievements, unlocked portraits, or decals.
All it does is start the missions over, from the beginning, so you can, for instance, take the alternate routes on the 3 "choice" missions (and see the after-mission movies, which you aren't privy to when simply replaying the mission via the archive).
It may also be the only way to lower your elapsed time for the "Hurry Up it's Raid Night" achievement. (On account of being able to skip some missions)
I suspect your premise about gaining more points for winning than losing is slightly off. Generally speaking, once your point level stabilizes due to finding your actual skill level, your points will remain the same relative to others playing the game if you don't get any better/worse.
However, the total number of points everyone has will trend upward due to the Bonus Pool. This does mean it rewards playing more often, but only to a certain extent in a certain time period (a few games per week, I suspect). Once you've exhausted your bonus pool, your ranking points will again more-or-less stabilize based on your skill.
One of the reasons this was done was to encourage people to actually play the game. Since everyone's points are constantly going up, you have to play to keep up with your peers. If this artificial inflation of points due to the bonus pool wasn't in place, the player at the very top would - in theory - not have much reason to play; he's the best and his points will stay the highest until someone usurps him. This way, he has to keep playing to maintain his status. As with any fair matchmaking system, the more people playing, the better, and I think Blizzard is trying to encourage more people to play.
However, none of this is cut and dry so there's no one reason for any of these decisions; likewise it's not at all obvious whether this system is superior to the traditional ranking system you mention.
That said, here are some good articles on the subject:
Note also that the points you see displayed and used for your ranking may be separate from the underlying statistic used for matching you up against other players. The two stats should converge on relatively the same thing, but the Bonus Pool adds the extra incentive to play more often.
Best Answer
So Blizzard hasn't mentioned anything about resetting achievement points at the end of the ladder season. Additionally, no achievements are related to your ladder ranking so there is no reason to think they would get reset.
World of Warcraft has also had ladder seasons (and achievements associated with ladder ranking). At no time have unrelated achievements been reset. As a result, there is no reason to think they will at the end of the Starcraft season.