payday-2 – What is the Purpose of the Picture in the Deposit Boxes on Firestarter in Payday 2?

So far, from what I could read online (in this guide and on the wikia, among other sources):

Briefing screen

Pay grade

The pay grade for a mission indicates how much cash players can expect to get out of a mission -- source.

Also this thread suggests it can go up to 10 stars.

Day rate

The dayly income rate is a cash reward with a multiplier for the day a heist takes (e.g. 1x in The Bank Heists and 3x in the Rats Heist) -- source.

Contract pay

The contract payment is a flat amount of cash reward based on the number of white stars (pay grade) -- source.

Payday

The overall payday is the sum of the other two cash rewards (pay grade and contract pay) and will be shown on the map if you select a heist -- source.

Yellow bonuses
These bonuses come directly from the difficulty (or "risk") of the mission, pictured by the yellow skulls on this very same screen. Normal = no skull -- overkill = 3 skulls.

Debriefing screen

Instant cash and bag loot items
The instant cash it the one you loot and put in your pockets directly during the game (jewels, cash bundles, ...) The bags are those heavy packs of money, jewels or even drug you'll have to carry in order to achieve a mission.

Balance
This section contains the sum of all the amounts contained in the Income section ($332,400 in the example given in the question) distributed between two type of accounts: the offshore account and the spending cash.

Offshore account

The offshore account consist of most of the money players steal during the course of their heisting career. The player has no way of interacting with their offshore account and is only used to show off how much the player has stolen -- source.

Since August 30 2013, you can use your offshore account to directly buy specific missions from Crime.net.

Spending cash
The cash you get, finally. In the given example, it's 10% of the total amount, but so far I couldn't find any precise calculation to know if that percentage can vary or not.

This is the offshore account money and 10% of that becomes you spendable cash. -- source.

The tips I can give you is to bring 2 bags of ammo along with you aswell for the bank job. Also don't place an ammo bag to soon because with the low effectiveness of the saw you are surely going to need it the 2 ammo bags to get through all the lockboxes. Edit: Taking ammo from the ammo bag also refills your blades.

Just set them up and keep on sawing, the saw system is also abit lacking in that you have to aim it correctly to actually open the boxes. You need to aim at the right hand side of the boxes and use the saw like you would use an automatic gun, you need to burst fire. Because any additional hits against anything (in the air you don't lose your 'ammo') will take away the 'ammo' for the saw.