So far, from what I could read online (in this guide and on the wikia, among other sources):
Briefing screen
Pay grade
The pay grade for a mission indicates how much cash players can expect to get out of a mission -- source.
Also this thread suggests it can go up to 10 stars.
Day rate
The dayly income rate is a cash reward with a multiplier for the day a heist takes (e.g. 1x in The Bank Heists and 3x in the Rats Heist) -- source.
Contract pay
The contract payment is a flat amount of cash reward based on the number of white stars (pay grade) -- source.
Payday
The overall payday is the sum of the other two cash rewards (pay grade and contract pay) and will be shown on the map if you select a heist -- source.
Yellow bonuses
These bonuses come directly from the difficulty (or "risk") of the mission, pictured by the yellow skulls on this very same screen. Normal = no skull -- overkill = 3 skulls.
Debriefing screen
Instant cash and bag loot items
The instant cash it the one you loot and put in your pockets directly during the game (jewels, cash bundles, ...) The bags are those heavy packs of money, jewels or even drug you'll have to carry in order to achieve a mission.
Balance
This section contains the sum of all the amounts contained in the Income section ($332,400 in the example given in the question) distributed between two type of accounts: the offshore account and the spending cash.
Offshore account
The offshore account consist of most of the money players steal during the course of their heisting career.
The player has no way of interacting with their offshore account and is only used to show off how much the player has stolen -- source.
Since August 30 2013, you can use your offshore account to directly buy specific missions from Crime.net.
Spending cash
The cash you get, finally. In the given example, it's 10% of the total amount, but so far I couldn't find any precise calculation to know if that percentage can vary or not.
This is the offshore account money and 10% of that becomes you spendable cash. -- source.
When you first start PD2 you will have a penalty depending on the heist type compared to your level.
There is a table on this link which shows different values for heists based on level: http://payday.wikia.com/wiki/Reputation_(Payday_2)
Any XP / cash rewards are only for you. You and your crew will have different modifers such as Infamy bonus, XP repeat heist penalty, XP level penalty, bonus XP from perk deck, etc. Which was one of the reasons I stopped getting Dead Presidents, as it didn't benefit the crew.
You can avoid the XP reduction for repeating heists penalty by not repeating the same missions over and over, spread them out over lots of different missions. Once you get this negative modifier it takes a while to get rid of it. But if you do a Stealh job that can offset some of the lost XP.
Sources:
http://payday.wikia.com/wiki/Reputation_(Payday_2)
And nearly 1,000 hours gametime!
Best Answer
All maps have different variation for each time you play it, and the difficulty will effect what appears in the map.
The things that change relating to the difficulty is things like ATM's, safe's, large safe, camera's, objectives, additional loot, etc.
For example on Four Store on difficulty normal - overkill there is normally atleast 1 ATM on the level, but in Deathwish the possibility of getting an ATM is extremely low if not impossible.
The same rule applies with security features. for example when playing the Ukrainian job on noraml - hard you will have normal safes where the tiara is store and when you go to play on overkil there will be Titan safes which cannot be blown up. and on Deathwish there will always be titan safes and potentially titan cameras which cannot be destroyed.