In Portal and Portal 2, only some surfaces are portal-able (generally depicted as white). In addition,
moon rock/gel/dust
seems to conduct portals very well. But is that the only thing?
It seemed that they had portals before the above discovery, but I can't find any hard evidence.
What defines a portal-able surface?
(i.e. all portal-able surfaces are white, but I doubt painting something white is all that is necessary)
Best Answer
The portal-conductive surfaces are generally concrete slabs (for the majority of Portal) or white panels (for the majority of Portal 2). They are easily identified by their more pale colour, whereas the darker, more metallic, tin or wooden surfaces are not portal-conductive.
There's not a canon-explanation for what makes a particular surface conductive, it's simply that the above listed surfaces are so.
In addition to concrete and white panels, Moon Gel (made from crushed moon rocks) is a gel capable of making a particular surface portal conductive, which is explained in some of Cave Johnson's dialogue: