Here are all locations for catching them:
Emperor Salmon
Krasarang Wilds, Townlong Steppes (Inland), Vale of Eternal Blossoms, Valley of the Four Winds
Giant Mantis Shrimp
Dread Wastes (Coastal), The Jade Forest (Coastal), Krasarang Wilds, Kun-Lai Summit (Coastal), Townlong Steppes (Coastal), Valley of the Four Winds
Jade Lungfish
The Jade Forest (Inland)
Krasarang Paddlefish
Krasarang Wilds (Inland), Valley of the Four Winds (Inland) , Vale of Eternal Blossoms (Inland)
Redbelly Mandarin
The Jade Forest (Inland), Townlong Steppes (Inland), Vale of Eternal Blossoms (Inland)
Spinefish Alpha
Dread Wastes (Inland), The Jade Forest (Widow's Wail), Kun-Lai Summit (Sha-Touched)
Flying Tiger Gourami
The Jade Forest (Inland) , Krasarang Wilds, Valley of the Four Winds, Townlong Steppes (Inland), Kun-Lai Summit (Inland), The Veiled Stair, Vale of Eternal Blossoms
Golden Carp
Kun-Lai Summit (Inland), The Veiled Stair, The Jade Forest (Inland), Krasarang Wilds, Valley of the Four Winds, Townlong Steppes (Inland), Vale of Eternal Blossoms, Dread Wastes (Coastal), The Jade Forest (Coastal), Krasarang Wilds, Kun-Lai Summit (Coastal), Townlong Steppes (Coastal), Valley of the Four Winds, Dread Wastes (Inland), The Jade Forest (Widow's Wail), Kun-Lai Summit (Sha-Touched)
Jewel Danio
Vale of Eternal Blossoms (Inland)
Mimic Octopus
Dread Wastes (Coastal), The Jade Forest (Coastal), Krasarang Wilds, Kun-Lai Summit (Coastal), Townlong Steppes (Coastal), Valley of the Four Winds
Reef Octopus
Dread Wastes (Coastal), The Jade Forest (Coastal), Krasarang Wilds, Kun-Lai Summit (Coastal), Townlong Steppes (Coastal), Valley of the Four Winds
Tiger Gourami
Kun-Lai Summit (Inland), The Veiled Stair
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Source: Elsanglin
Best Answer
If you are looking for out-of-game information that you can use to help you catch up, I suggest sites such as WoW Insider and MMO-Champion.
WoW Insider is a blog oriented towards casual players and has pretty good guides for all classes and specs.
MMO-Champion has a billboard format that presents the latest news pertaining to World of Warcraft, focusing on end-game, future patches and expansions.
The website Icy Veins has very good guides oriented to the hardcore player and deals with a lot of theorycrafting.
Max DPS is a great site that parses your character's armory and outputs a list of armor and weapons that would potentially increase your healing, tanking or damage performance in raids. Information on where to get such items is also provided.
Lastly, the World of Warcraft website and it's forums are a great source of information.
For solutions in-game, asking other people is always the best way to catch up on what you should be doing. Even if you are trying to avoid this, I would strongly suggest looking out for a guild with a good reputation and helpful players. These guilds are definitely rare, but trust me, they are out there.
Alternatively, the trade chat in main cities is filled with people looking for other players to engage in PVE and PVP combat. Just peeking into this channel will give you a good idea of what content are people tackling. A lot of acronyms are used when referring to instances and battlegrounds, so I suggest you check this page if you find yourself lost.
The Dungeon Journal is one of WoW's latests features and it can help you figure out what is the PVE content pertaining to the current expansion.
Billboards in main cities are meant to guide players into zones they should be leveling at or introduce high-level players to quest chains that might be of their interest.
The Dungeon, Raid and PVP matchmaking systems are also great ways to regain familiarity with the game. Looking for Raid and Looking for Dungeon enforce an item level cap that you must achieve before being able to queue. Be adviced that people you join will probably expect you to know what you are doing in certain encounters.