The halfling's Lucky trait deals with the die roll (PHB, p. 28):
When you roll a 1 on an attack roll, ability check, or saving throw, you can reroll the die and must use the new roll.
And so does Advantage/Disadvantage, since it refers to the same trait (PHB, p. 173):
For example, if a halfling has advantage on an ability check and rolls a 1 and a 13, the halfling could use the Lucky trait to reroll the 1.
The Divination wizard's Portent feature, on the other hand, deals with the check as a whole:
You can replace any attack roll, saving throw, or ability check ... with one of these foretelling rolls.
And here comes the interesting part - the three emphasized terms are only mentioned in rules as actions, not numbers:
The description of attack rolls (PHB, p. 194):
To make an attack roll, roll a d20 and add the appropriate modifiers.
If the total of the roll plus modifiers equals or exceeds the
target’s Armor Class (AC), the attack hits.
Saving throws (PHB, p. 179):
To make a saving throw, roll a d20 and add the appropriate ability
modifier. [...]
A saving throw can be modified by a situational bonus or penalty [...]
[...] proficiency in a saving throw lets a character add his or her
proficiency bonus to saving throws made using a particular ability
score. [...]
And ability checks (PHB, p. 171):
To make an ability check, roll a d20 and add the relevant ability
modifier. As with other d20 rolls, apply bonuses and penalties, and
compare the total to the DC.
All three go the standard way:
- Roll a d20, get a number
- In case of (dis-)advantage: roll another d20, get a new number (or
keep the old)
- Add bonuses/penalties, get the final number
- Compare the final number with the AC/DC and get the final
success/failure answer
From the strict RAW reading of Portent, we have to replace steps 1–4 (the whole check) with a number (foretelling roll), which makes no sense, as the result has to be boolean – success/failure.
If we loosen the restrictions, the logical thing to say would be "In the context of Portent, attack roll/saving throw/ability check is the number to be compared with the AC/DC" (i.e. the result of Step 3 above). In this interpretation "You must choose to do so before the roll" means that the decision is made before Step 1 and therefore no actual die roll happens. The modifiers are applied to the foretold roll as normal. This interpretation is reinforced by an unofficial tweet from March 2015 by rules designer Jeremy Crawford:
The portent die is intended to replace a d20 roll only, not any modifiers applied to it.
This result is Rules As Intended as well; the whole point is that the character knows in advance what is going to happen.
It's the roll before modifiers.
D&D 5th edition is very specific about its terminology. When it says a d20 roll, it means a d20 roll, not a result or a check.
When a D&D rule refers to rolling a number on a die, the rule means the number on the die. For example, rolling a 9 on a d20 means the number 9 on the die. In contrast, an ability check, a saving throw, or an attack roll includes the die roll and any relevant modifiers.
Tweet from Jeremy Crawford
Effectively, this ability means that you can never roll below 10 on the d20. Instead of a range of 1-20, your range is now 10-20. Hence "reliable" - you can be certain of at least average results every time.
Best Answer
There is no reason Reliable Talent cannot affect foretelling rolls
Something to note first is that Portent replaces only the d20 roll, not the entire result. Because of this, the roll would still be one that "lets you add your proficiency bonus", so we know that requirement for using Reliable Talent is still met.
The scenario would be that you are about to make an ability check, when a Divination wizard uses Portent to declare your d20 roll to be, say, a 5. You are still making an ability check and Reliable Talent lets you "treat a d20 roll of 9 or lower as a 10". In this case, the d20 roll is a 5 and I can see no reason Reliable Talent wouldn't increase this to a 10.
A potential sticking point is the fact that Reliable Talent states:
So one might wonder whether Portent's die still counts as "a d20 roll" at all. The rules never actually define the phrase "a d20 roll" so we're be left looking to natural language where I would say Portent certainly counts as a d20 roll. The feature even states "roll two d20s" and calls these "foretelling rolls" which I would consider good enough evidence that the a Portent die is indeed a d20 roll.