[RPG] Can an Arcana Check be used to modify or affect a spell being cast

This has been addressed in the latest Sage Advice.

Thank you, @V2Blast

Sage Advice

Does the Thief’s Use Magic Device feature allow them to use spell scrolls?

Yes. The intent is that a Thief can use spell scrolls with Use Magic Device.

DMG page 141 is also of some help here (Casting Spells):

The ability check is still required to cast from the scroll but, as a Rogue has no spell-casting ability score, their's is always treated as zero when casting spells from magic items. It would stand to reason that a check would be in order to cast the spell from a scroll as well, the only issue is that it is just a d20 roll for them.

If you don't have a spellcasting ability—perhaps you're a rogue with the Use Magic Device feature—your spellcasting ability modifier is +0 for the item...

It does go on to say that your proficiency bonus (PB) does apply but this is specifically called out as an ability check so your PB does not apply to those. If it were a Wand or Staff, is what I believe the PB is intended to use.

Note: This answer challenges the question's frame. Believe it or not, there's an official recommendation in dnd-3.5e as to how a DM can handle, among other things, a nuclear explosion, and statistics for such an event are present in official and compatible Wizards of the Coast d20 System products.

While the question defines what features its author would like to see in a D&D 3.5e nuclear explosion, for a DM's nonfantasy needs the Dungeon Master's Guide recommends Wizards of the Coast's own "d20 Modern Roleplaying Game, a D&D-compatible role-playing game for present-day adventures [that] contains a much more extensive treatment of firearms and other high-tech gear" (146; link mine). Assuming similar compatibility, the d20 Future supplement for d20 Modern has statistics for a nuclear missile, but, as that nuclear missile omits some important details, the DM may also want to consult the compatible d20 Future Tech supplement for d20 Future for more information on a nuclear explosion.

d20 Future's nuclear missile is a 1-megaton munition that's "essentially a fusion bomb rigged to a guided rocket" (141) that deals only 16d8 points of damage. (But apparently offering no saving throw—I mean, seriously, you got hit by a nuke! No save for you!) The missile deals generic energy damage, however, so typically resistance to energy doesn't apply, and the missile likely deals full damage to objects (see Energy Attacks on PH 165). Instead of rolling the weapon's damage, d20 Future suggests speeding play by using the weapon's average damage, and in this case that's 72 points of damage. (Darn these pesky time-consuming nuclear weapons!) This is about equivalent to 21d6 points of damage.

At its most basic, a similar explosion—except that it deals fire damage and that there's a Reflex saving throw for half damage—can be created by the 7th-level Sor/Wiz spell delayed blast fireball [evoc] (PH 217) cast by a level 14 wizard who also employs the metamagic feat Sudden Empower (Complete Arcane 83). (The sudden metamagic feats, while they can only be employed once per day, are used in this answer to avoid increasing a spell's slot level.)

But d20 Future assumes a nuclear missile is fired in outer space by a starship at another space-based target and that, if it hits, it deals damage to the entire target, no matter the target's size (and, if it misses, it's somebody else's problem). Thus the nuclear missile has no entry for area. However, d20 Future Tech describes the similarly-themed Fusion Power Core (78) that's available contemporaneously with d20 Future's the nuclear missile. When (no, not if) the Core explodes (because vehicle its powering is destroyed or because its self-destruct is triggered), the Core deals 20d6 points of damage to the pilot of the Core-powered vehicle (or, presumably, anyone else at exactly ground zero) and 16d6 points of damage to all creatures and objects (attended or not is unspecified) in a 120-ft. radius! The text says nothing about saving throws, so this DM assumes there aren't any: it's just boom! and consequences.

The problem, then, is not dealing 16d6 points of damage but dealing that damage to everything in a 120-ft. radius. (By comparison, the spell delayed blast fireball has as its area a relatively meek 20-ft. spread.) There are effects that deal less damage yet affect a wider area (like this answer's 9th-level Corrupt spell apocalypse from the sky [conj] (Book of Vile Darkness 85), especially if modified by the feat Sudden Widen (Complete Arcane 83)) and effects that deal more damage yet typically only to a small area or one target (e.g. the 6th-level Sor/Wiz spell disintegrate [trans] (PH 222), the 8th-level Sor/Wiz spell polar ray [evoc] (PH 262-3)), but only a handful of off-the-shelf spells approach a Fusion Power Core detonation.

One spell that does come close is the 8th-level Clr spell lion's roar [evoc] (Spell Compendium 133) that when cast by a level 17 cleric deals 10d8 points of sonic damage to enemies within 120 ft. of the cleric, but an enemy that succeeds on a Will saving throw suffers half damage, and dealing 56 points of damage like a Fusion Power Core with the roar spell means again using the feat Sudden Empower. (A roar spell deals about 67 points of damage when so modified but only an average of 45 points of damage without using the feat.) The spell also probably doesn't affect objects in the area (unless the DM—perhaps too generously—allows the cleric to designate objects as enemies).

Other spells that might serve as ersatz Core explosions include the more-like-a-cinematic-neutron-bomb 3rd-level Sor/Wiz spell jungle razer [necro] (Spell Compendium 127-8) and the 5th-level Sor/Wiz spell cyclonic blast [evoc] (Spell Compendium 57), yet both are lines not bursts; and the only-if-it's-in-the-water-but-then-it's-awesome 8th-level Sor/Wiz spell maelstrom [conj] (Spell Compendium 135-6), especially if modified by the feat Sudden Empower.

Further, if modified by the feats Sudden Empower and Sudden Widen, a Core explosion can be sort of simulated with the 3rd-level Sor/Wiz spell resonating bolt [evoc] (Spell Compendium 174) yet it's a line and will likely also require employing the feat Sudden Maximize (Complete Arcane 83); or the 5th-level Sor/Wiz spell blast of flame [conj] (Spell Compendium 31) or the 9th-level Moon domain spell moonfire [evoc] (Spell Compendium 144), both of which are cones not bursts.