A spell scroll allows someone (with that spell on their class's spell list) to cast a spell. DMG p. 200:
If the spell is on your class's spell list, you can use an action to read the scroll and cast the spell without having to provide any of the spell's components.
Counterspell (PHB p. 228) can be used as a reaction "when you see a creature within 60 feet of you casting a spell"
Thus, if someone is visibly casting a spell from a scroll within 60 feet of a counterspelling wizard, the spell from the scroll can be countered.
If the counterspell succeeds, "[the] spell fails and has no effect."
The description of a Spell Scroll further states:
Once the spell is cast, the words on the scroll fade and the scroll itself crumbles to dust.
So in order to know whether the scroll is consumed or not, the question is:
Is the counterspelled spell considered to have been cast or not?
When the counterspell causes the spell to "fail" does that mean "fail to be cast" or "be cast but fail to have any effect"?
Is there an authoritative description somewhere of exactly what it means for a spell to fail?
Best Answer
Counterspell causes a spell to fail and a scroll to be consumed
Counterspell works differently than just stopping a spell casting or scroll reading.
“Fails and is wasted”
Jeremy Crawford recently responded directly to a question about counterspelling a spell scroll:
Marc Sharma asked:
JC replied:
https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/786982774926249984
The language used is general, because counterspell works similarly regardless to the mode of spell casting. It wastes whatever resources were used to cast it, whether that’s a spell slot, a spell scroll, a daily use (for monsters) — and in any case, the action (or bonus action or reaction) used to cast the spell.
The general case: normal interruption of spells and scrolls
When a caster simply stops casting a spell before finishing, a spell slot is not expended.
PH p. 202, Longer Casting Times
Edits to the DM Basic Rules have specified that spell scrolls work the same way:
DM Basic Rules, p. 60
The wording for scrolls is a little different, but the results are the same. If you simply stop casting a spell or reading a scroll before completing it, it’s as though you had not started.
The rules errata simply make it clear that reading from a scroll works like casting a spell in any other way, in this regard.
“The spell fails, but…” vs. “The spell fails, and”
The word but in the errata about interrupted spells calls out that this is a special case. In general, spell failure entails expending of a spell slot, or scroll, without causing a spell effect, as when failing to cast a higher-level spell scroll:
Or in Crawford’s tweet:
DM Basic Rules, p. 60
Counterspell resolves a spell and replaces its effect
Counterspell does more than just interrupt a spell’s casting. When Counterspell is successful:
PH, p. 228. Emphasis added.
This phrase is used 3 times in the spell description; it’s key to understanding the spell. The spell is not just interrupted, it completes, fails (without “buts”) and its effect is negated.
Only a completely cast spell has an effect to negate, so Counterspell does not stop a spell before it’s cast. Then, “once the spell is cast, the words on the scroll fade, and the scroll itself crumbles to dust.” (DM Basic rules, p. 60)
Interrupting the casting is a relevant, separate effect of Counterspell
The fact that Counterspell interrupts a casting is relevant when the spell has a long casting time: you don’t have to wait until a spell is about to resolve to counter a spell. This is why Counterspell both interrupts a spell’s casting and then causes the spell to fail.
The Original Misunderstanding
A historical note, I suspect the original misunderstanding about whether a spell scroll is used up while it is being read comes is based on some “color text” in found in first edition AD&D:
This passage appears on DMG p. 117, AD&D 1e, 1979 Revised edition, and DMG p. 118, AD&D 1e, original printing.
The rules errata make clear that if a some modern spell with a longer casting time is interrupted normally, the resources that went into casting it are not wasted. This normal interruption of spell casting is different than Counterspell.