I started playing like a month ago, and the DM was nice enough to create a character for me and write me into the story. I've never played D&D before, but I told him I wanted to be a glass cannon who blows things up, so he made me a Divine Soul sorcerer at level 13. My Metamagics are Twinned Spell, Quickened Spell, and Careful Spell.

I've been reading up on the rules, and just found out before last session that I can use Quickened Spell to cast fireball as a bonus action and also cast fire bolt as my action for extra damage at the expense of 2 sorcery points. My DM gave me the spiritual weapon and spirit guardians spells. This brings me to my question.

Can I, on turn 1, cast fireball, then cast spiritual weapon as a bonus action, then have the spiritual weapon move to/hit a bad guy – then on my next turn, use Quickened Spell on fireball, cast fire bolt, and have the weapon move to/hit the bad guy?

I honestly don't see why not, as spiritual weapon doesn't require concentration like something like animate objects. But in the Player's Handbook, the rules on bonus-action spells says:

A spell cast with a bonus action is especially swift. You must use a bonus action on your turn, provided that you haven't already taken a bonus action this turn. You can't cast another spell during the same turn, except for a cantrip with a casting time of one action.

The part where it says "provided that you haven't already taken a bonus action this turn" would imply that I can't.

But the part that says "you can't cast another spell during the same turn…" leads me to believe I might be able to, because I am not casting another spell, and I am also not concentrating on it. Like if I cast dominate person and tell the person to attack a bad guy, their attacks are not connected to what I do at all. In my opinion, it's a lot like casting conjure celestial and getting a couatl to cast/attack or dominating a monster.