You probably need to read the action type and concentration rules. Most of this isn't "magus rules" it's "general Pathfinder combat rules."
You get one full action, or one move and one standard action, a round, plus a free action. You can 5' step at any point before/after/during any action if you didn't move otherwise with your move action. One attack is a standard action, multiple and many special routines are full round actions.
The magus' spell combat ability means he can cast a spell at the same time he attacks as a full round action.
The magus' spellstrike ability means he can cast a touch spell as a standard action and then, as usual for a touch spell, gets a free action to attack with the spell, but as a special bonus can use a melee weapon attack to deliver it.
Your examples above are unclear as to if/when you think other attacks may take place.
You may cast a touch spell (standard), move (move), and attack with spellstrike (free). You may not cast a touch spell (standard), move (move), and perform other attacks (standard/full). You also may not use spell combat (full), move (move), and perform other attacks (standard/full).
Your first two questions say melee attacks plural, so
Yes, you can cast, 5 foot step, and make all of his attacks at -2 plus the free spellstrike attack. Or cast and make some attacks/5' move/make other attacks. All legit combos as part of a full round action.
No, you may not cast, move, and then make any attacks other than the free spellstrike attack. Note in this situation you can't cast and attack/move/make free attack either because spell combat is a full round action. You have to use spellstrike only in this scenario.
The only difference standing next to someone is the threatened aspect. You can choose to not cast defensively and take an attack of opportunity; if hit you have to make Concentration DC 10+dmg+spell level or lose the spell. Or you can proactively cast defensively, make a concentration DC 15 + 2xlevel, lose the spell if you fail.
All your last scenarios just need to understand that the AoO or Concentration check doesn't lose any of your normal attacks, but if failed loses the touch spell and the free attack for the touch spell. It seems like you're trying to cheese getting the free attack even if your spell is disrupted, that is not the case. Oh, it also seems like you're unclear on spellstrike - the spell is conveyed by the melee attack. You hit and do melee + spell or you miss with both.
- Make/fail melee attack, fail at concentration check, make free melee
attack? No, you only get the free attack as a result of casting the touch spell.
- Make/fail melee attack, succeed at concentration and do spell damage, make free melee attack and do damage? What? You deliver the spell damage as part of the free attack, if you hit.
- Make/fail melee attack, succeed at concentration check, make free melee attack and do melee + spell damage? Exactly.
- Make/fail melee attack, succeed at concentration check, Fail free melee attack and do no spell and no melee damage? Correct as well.
- Make/fail melee attack, succeed at concentration check and do spell damage, make free melee attack and fail? No, the spell damage is delivered by the attack.
- Make/fail melee attack, succeed at concentration check, Fail free melee attack, make free touch attack roll to deliver concentration spell? No, the spell damage is delivered by the attack.
Per this Paizo FAQ post, your spell strike attacks are like any other touch spell - missing the attack still holds the charge, and you get to try again till discharged. But none of those are "bonus" actions. It means "you know, like next round, when you get another attack." Just like other touch attacks - you miss with your free attack, you can still deliver with other standard actions later.
So, for example, you can, in one round: declare spell combat and spellstrike; cast a touch spell as part of your spell combat full attack, then five-foot step into a threatened square, make your free attack (from spellstrike) to channel the spell and fail your attack roll, but then make your other melee attack (from spell combat) and if it succeeds, it will channel the still-held touch spell.
When you have the Ranged Spellstrike class feature AND the Pool Ray Arcana, it allows you to treat the Pool Ray as a completely different ranged attack with its own attack roll and damage.
So on one attack you have your Ranged spellstrike which deals your ranged damage plus the effect of your ranged spell, and you also have a free action ray that you get by spending one point from your spell pool that can either target the same target or any other target. In short it's extra damage on the target you're hitting, or you can target something else with it as well.
As for the latter part, for any ranged spell that gains more rays as it levels up, such as Scorching ray or Magic missile, each individual ranged attack during that full-round action has an accompanying missile, or ray that travels along with it. If you have four magic missiles but only three attacks, the last magic missile is wasted.
Best Answer
If you cast the spell while in melee combat you will have to cast defensibly, or take an attack of opportunity.
One work around for this is casting the spell, then moving and touching the opponent when you get in range. OR 5 foot step and cast it safely. Remember casting a touch spell keeps it in charge until you discharge it manually or touch a valid target.