This is what the PHB says about scenarios that demonstrate one group surprising another:
A band of adventurers sneaks up on a bandit camp, springing from the trees to attack them. A gelatinous cube glides down a dungeon passage, unnoticed by the adventurers until the cube engulfs one of them. In these situations, one side of the battle gains surprise over the other.
So it's being shown to us that the encounter wherein creatures can be considered surprised begins when one group takes hostile action against the other group that has not noticed the first. And note that surprise can only happen when you are in the first round of the encounter, which means that, if you want to take advantage of surprise, Initiative cannot be rolled before the start of the ambush.
It also doesn't make sense to give someone the surprised status when nothing is surprising them (ie, the players are planning, not ambushing). When you are surprised, you cannot move. Does the act of the players planning somehow paralyze the other group? No, it shouldn't.
You were right!
In that type of situation, everyone is ready to begin fighting at any moment. Everyone basically is 'readying' for their fight - not just the PCs.
Readied Actions
These actions do require a trigger to be specifically stated, as well as the action they will take if triggered. In a general situation, most Readied Actions take place during combat when the turn structure is in place. However, it may be possible to ready an action outside of combat, but you as the DM will need to adjudicate the possibility of that.
From the Players Handbook, page 193 (emphasis mine)
...you can take the Ready action on your turn so that you can act later in the round using your reaction.
First, you decide what perceivable circumstance will trigger your reaction. Then you choose the action you will take in response to that trigger, or you choose to move up to your speed in response to it...When the tirgger occurs, you can either take your reaction right after the trigger finishes or ignore the trigger.
Your situation
In order for the players in your situation to their ready action, they would need to have explicitly stated what their trigger was and what the use of their reaction would be. However, given that the combatants were also likely 'readying actions', the initiative roll works because everyone is on even ground.
Even if this was a one-sided readied action event (where the combatants whom the PCs were fighting were not prepared for a fight), the trigger for the PCs readied action is the attack - which needs to be completed before they can act.
In addition, a readied action is just that, something that is being held waiting for the trigger. That could be a caster having started their spell and waiting for the event to finish casting it (if no event, the spell slot is still lost), or the bowman with their arrow nocked and bowstring pulled and ready to fire, etc. etc. That sort of action may also move towards a specific resolution (FIGHT!) rather than hoping for an alternate resolution (NEGOTIATE!)
The developers have your back
Jeremy Crawford Tweeted about when Readied Actions are available.
The options, including Ready, in the "Actions in Combat" section (PH, 192–93) are meant to be used in combat, after rolling initiative.
but he also suggested an alternative:
Your readiness can guard against being surprised. Otherwise, you roll initiative as normal. The DM might give advantage
Jeremy also had a nice discussion on this podcast about readied action and initiative (starts at about 6:10).
Unspecified Initiative Rolling
There is a potential issue in how you roll initiative that should be mentioned. This section is not a judgement against the actions described, but merely a reminder to have a consistent and agreed upon method of initiative at your table.
If you are trying to create a level playing field, then you should roll specifically and openly for each combatant. While the DM does have "control" to make changes behind the scenes, what you have done is to allow the situation to play out as you wanted it to rather than be dictated by the rolls of the dice.
Even though you had one guy ready to go, you could have created a narrative around why the other mook got to go first - and that would have been a more consistent and fair way to adjudicate your initiative rolls.
The decision to assign the highest roll to the guy who was about to shoot may have further incensed the players and made them feel they didn't get the opportunity they should have. It doesn't mean what you did was wrong, but it may have contributed the feelings at the table. It may not have, but I think it's something you should be aware of and consider when rolling your initiative.
Best Answer
D&D5 - The bad guy should not be surprised.
PHB, p.189 - Surprise
As @KorvinStarmast stated, there is no such thing as a surprise round in 5E. A surprised character is simply not able to move, take an action or a reaction on his first turn of the combat.
In your situation, the bad guy is clearly facing the characters when doing his speech, so unless he is fanatically speaking to his hidden god of evil somewhere in the skies, he will see the character doing his move and won't be surprised.
If the party was speaking with a friendly noble NPC, for example, and a PC decided to attack suddenly, the NPC should be surprised, because he wasn't aware of the threat. When a BBEG faces a party of characters, it seems obvious that they are antagonists/foes/enemies and that each side is a threat to the other. In the end, it is the definition of threat that makes a difference.
Also, giving the player a round during which he alone can act might lead others to abuse this mechanic.