[RPG] spell that can teleport to an unfamiliar but known location

The rules for what counts as an "associated object" aren't particularly specific, so it'll be up to your DM to decide if whatever you took from your tavern counts as an associated object for the ruins of your tavern. If they decide it does, then you should be able to teleport there with perfect accuracy. If they decide it doesn't, then you'll be teleporting to a location that no longer exists. Teleport includes specific rules for this circumstance.

“False destination” is a place that doesn’t exist. Perhaps you tried to scry an enemy’s sanctum but instead viewed an illusion, or you are attempting to teleport to a familiar location that no longer exists.

If you consult the table provided in the spell description, you can see that, when teleporting to a false destination, you have a 50% chance of teleporting to a similar area, and 50% chance of suffering a mishap. Since a mishap causes a reroll on the table, you will inevitably end up teleporting to a similar area. What the dice will determine is how much damage you take getting there.

Similar Area. You and your group (or the target object) wind up in a different area that’s visually or thematically similar to the target area. If you are heading for your home laboratory, for example, you might wind up in another wizard’s laboratory or in an alchemical supply shop that has many of the same tools and implements as your laboratory. Generally, you appear in the closest similar place, but since the spell has no range limit, you could conceivably wind up anywhere on the plane.

So if you try to teleport to your tavern, you'll end up at the closest tavern, possibly bleeding out from force damage you took along the way.

However, you know that it's been destroyed, so you're not going to try to teleport to the tavern - you're going to try to teleport to the rubble where it used to be. That gives you some more options.

If you can find a way to take a look at the ruins (perhaps you already have, given that you know that it was ruined; if not, Scrying is recommended), you can teleport to it as a "viewed once" destination. If not, you can try as a "description" destination.

“Viewed once” is a place you have seen once, possibly using magic. “Description” is a place whose location and appearance you know through someone else’s description, perhaps from a map.

In either case, your accuracy is greatly improved over "false destination", but still leaves a lot to be desired. You'll have a 27% chance of arriving at your intended destination, 20% chance of arriving some number of miles away, 10% chance of arriving at a similar area (although that wouldn't be too bad - the closest ruin to your tavern is likely to be nearby), and a 43% chance of a mishap.

Yes, teleport can do that

This spell instantly transports you [..] to a destination you select. [..] The destination you choose must be known to you, and it must be on the same plane of existence as you. (PHB 281)

Nothing in the description of the spell states or implies that the destination must be a fixed location, like a town. A destination is simply a place to which one is journeying or to which something is sent. "Onboard the Jolly Roger" could certainly be a destination.

This is also supported by this tweet from Jeremy Crawford:

The teleport spell requires a destination. The nature of that place isn't specified. It can be the deck of a moving ship, for instance.