In this past weekend's session (near the end of Lost Mines), my fourth level Warlock took a critical hit from a Wraith.
I have maximum hit points 29, and was currently at 20 HP remaining; the double damage dice rolled as 27 points. As necrotic damage was explained to me (I don't have access to either a Monster Manual or DM's Guide for 5th Ed.), this cannot be healed in any way prior to a long rest, leaving me with a 2 HP maximum for the remainder of the adventuring day.
It occurred to me to wonder what would have happened if I'd taken a couple more points (the roll of 10d8 would be expected to average 45 points, after all) — leaving me with maximum HP of 0 (since it can't be negative) until a long rest.
Can a character even benefit from a rest when unconscious due to wounds? If not, would that leave my character in a sort of "limbo" state, where I could only be healed by something I couldn't actually obtain/do?
Best Answer
If a Wraith reduces your maximum HP to zero, you die
The explanation you've been given seems to be a little mixed up - it's not that necrotic damage inherently cannot be healed, but that the Wraith's attack deals necrotic damage and also has a secondary effect which can reduce your HP maximum until your next long rest:
In fairness, lots of maximum-HP-reducing effects are associated with something that does necrotic damage, so a bit of mixup is understandable. However, most of the time necrotic damage has no special effect on your hit point maximum and can be healed like any other kind of damage - the particular type it is is usually only relevant for characters and creatures with immunity, resistance, or vulnerability to certain kinds of damage.
Most importantly for your question, you should note the final sentence of the attack's description - if the Wraith's attack would reduce your maximum HP to zero, you just die outright. It takes a bit more than a long rest to recover from that!
As far as I'm aware, all effects which reduce maximum HP in this way clarify that you die when reduced to zero HP max - and possibly something else dire happens, like then turning into an undead creature of some kind. But if you have taken some maximum HP reduction which hasn't killed you, either because it's not quite enough yet or it's specified to do something non-fatal when you reach zero - the spell Greater Restoration is capable of undoing the damage: