The major changes I noticed between the two editions are as follows:
Limits prevent characters from being overly min-maxed. Each of them is centered around an attribute that is typically dumped in normal characters; the most important attribute for the physical limit, for instance, is Strength, though other attributes weigh in they have the same impact as Strength does alone. This means that you can't build a "never gonna fight close quarters" build and just dump strength and expect to do well in other physical areas, encouraging a well-rounded thing.
Mystic adepts get a huge buff. I'm not exactly sure that this is a bad thing; they still can't astrally project, but they get the powers of both mages (other than astral) and phys-ads pretty nicely. Were they still using the BP system, this would be a flaw, and I'm not sure about allowing them as the third pick on your priority system, but I think the reason that people are upset is because they don't astrally project as much as they should when not a mystic adept.
The priority system really makes things a lot better. It prevents some of the worst cheesing during character creation (don't get me wrong-it's still possible, but you have to know what you're doing and make some sacrifices).
Combat's been changed rather heavily on the bookkeeping, but not so much the execution. The Accuracy limit keeps pistols from killing Great Dragons, which is a nice touch, but also discourages just dumping into the newly increased skills and maxing them out right away. It also makes smartlinks a more tangible advantage, as do laser sights. Armor is now a single rating for stun and physical, which makes it a lot easier for new players to understand, and, in my opinion, more realistic.
Hacking's a lot better. Mind you; the wireless thing contains some logic holes and gimmicks with the new benefits it gives stuff like cyberware or laser sights, but hackers can enjoy a target rich playground with new rules for hacking that make prepping a hacker 90% easier and playing one about 50% easier; GM'ing hacking also became a lot easier. In addition, some of the more broken technomancer stuff has been revised so you now have a reason to play a decker instead of a technomancer every single time.
All in all, it's faster and more streamlined. If you want my "reviewer" version, you can check it out on my blog, but I've said pretty much everything I said there here, only without the sales pitches.
I never saw something like an official answer, but the novels always gave me the impression that most of the middle class would have a datajack and a decent percentage would have a chipjack. Cosmetic surgery would also be fairly common.
Most of the other enhancements were probably much more rare. The rest were all the type of things that you would shell out for if you had a need (either to make up for some sort of physical defect, or for your occupation), but probably wouldn't get without a real need even if you could afford it.
As you point out, the upperclass can easily buy enhanced muscles, but why? Enhanced muscles means going through a major surgery as well as the monetary outlay, and that would largely enable you to do things that you would rather hire people for.
Best Answer
I found this chart on a shadow run wiki which estimates population each year from 1995 to 2140
in 2075 it estimates the following:
Total population: 7,216,000,000
Human Population: 5,701,000,000
Dwarf Population: 24,000,000
Elf Population: 45,000,000
Ork Population: 1,217,000,000
Troll Populration: 229,000,000
I have not vetted these sources/numbers, but the author cites a number of sources on the linked page including the US Census and Shardowrun source books.