RAW, you would not be able to cast the spell.
The description for the Teleportation Circle spell mentions "sigil sequence you know" several times and it includes rules on how to learn a new sequence. This confirms that the knowledge of the sequence is a component required for the spell to work. If you don't have all the components required, you cannot cast the spell at all and the spell slot is not expended (PHB 203),
That being said, DM fiat trumps RAW any day and using this to kick off a new adventure could be super fun.
Yes
The spell says:
As you cast the spell, you draw a 10-foot-diameter circle on the ground inscribed with sigils that link your location to a permanent teleportation circle of your choice whose sigil sequence you know and that is on the same plane of existence as you.
D&D 5e co-creator Jeremy Crawford clarified on Twitter that the destination of teleport (which may be a sigil from teleportation circle) may move. At the time of the post tweets were considered official rulings by WotC (which is no longer the case):
The teleport spell requires a destination. The nature of that place isn't specified. It can be the deck of a moving ship, for instance.
Likewise, the surface of the circle is important, not its point in space. So, the surface may also move while performing the teleportation circle spell every day for a year, and after it has become permanent. It has no restrictions that the permanent sigil doesn't move:
When you cast teleportation circle, you create the circle on the ground. The circle is bound to that surface, not to a point in space.
What happens if I cast the spell on the vehicle for a year (and it is unmoving), and then the vehicle moves? Can it still be used as a destination point?
Yes, the target is the sigil, not the point in space the spell was cast.
Can I create a permanent TC on the vehicle if it is never in the same place twice in the first place?
Yes. Jeremy's post shows that.
But, even more from a real world perspective, all motion is relative. On Earth, we tend to think of places we travel to as stationary -- but they are not. They are rotating around the Earth's axis and revolving around the sun. To the car/planes we travel in, they are standing still (relative to themselves) and Earth is moving beneath them...
Alright, I'm getting too much into Einstein on a D&D question. I read "same location" more like "same spot" than the same longitude and latitude.
Best Answer
Maybe
The 9th-level Sor/Wiz spell teleportation circle [conj] (PH 293) says that
But it's the DM's decision both how one goes about designating and what, exactly, is a spot. Here are some choices:
Also keep in mind that while the caster can't arrive off target using the 7th-level Sor/Wiz spell greater teleport (PH 293) (hence neither with the spell teleportation circle), he must still roll on the chart for the 5th-level spell teleport [conj] (PH 292-3) when the effect's used, and the possibility of a false destination or outright failure still exists if using the spell teleportation circle to teleport blind. (Despite the spell teleportation circle failing if its caster lacks familiarity with the destination, how one can become just familiar (rather than very familiar as described in the spell teleport) with a destination is never made clear.)