The bottom-line is that no "official concordance" exists. However, a GM can readily draw lines to cultures of Forgotten Realms with "real world" analogs. Answering from the caveat "[of] whether there's a widely accepted list," one can turn to Wikipedia for some excellent cross referencing on Abeir-Toril and its continents, including notes on commonly accepted analogs, e.g.,

Faerûn is the western part of an unnamed supercontinent that is quite similar to real-world Afro-Eurasia.

or

Anchorome is the equivalent of North America, and as such could be translated as real-world's Vinland from the Vikings.

By no means official and at best loosely "semi-canon," Wikipedia may be a good start for a GM seeking to research cultural identities for immersion, which I believe to read as at the core of the question.

Robert E. Howard's notes on Hyboria include overlays of known continental maps and draws explicit relationships and commonly accepted analogs are made by Howard scholars (Wikipedia includes such a Howard "table of correspondence"; Del Rey's three volume Conan of Cimmeria work compiles some excellent scholarship on REH's Hyboria development). Warhammer FRP draws near explicit analogs to Renaissance, 16th and 17th century, Europe (see the above related question for more discussion by @aramis).

You may be hard pressed to find a canon link. And while no official concordance may exist, precedent seems to suggest that it is an allowable indulgence to believe analogs can be drawn (if only citing REH!). However, both Ed Greenwood and Jeff Grubb have made comments that suggest real world analogs can be made, but they are not making them. Grubb appears to at least suggest that real world concerns about relationships were at play in the publication of the "Old Grey Box" edition, going so far as to consult Wiccans and alter the FR pantheon relationships. Jeff Grubb writing on "Grubb Street" in Realms and Remembrance notes:

I checked with one of our editors who was wiccan [sic] if any of the gods would raise hackles from people who might worship them. The only one she tagged was Tyche, which I turned into Tymora but otherwise left intact. However, I did not remember the map tags, so the original project went out with Temples to Tyche marked on them. Later we would retcon them with Tyche being a Luck goddess separated into good luck (Tymora) and bad luck (Beshaba).

If nothing else, it would appear you certainly have permission to draw analogs as needed for your game without repercussions by the authors.

Time passes normally, but creatures don't age there

From the entry on the Astral Plane in the DMG:

Astral Plane, DMG 47

Creatures on the Astral Plane don't age or suffer from hunger or thirst. For this reason, humanoids that live on the Astral Plane (such as the githyanki) establish outposts on other planes, often the Material Plane, so their children can grow to maturity.

This explains some of the apparent time-stopping strangeness that visiting this plane gives you. However, there is no mention of time itself flowing differently in this plane relative to the Material Plane.

Contrast this with the Feywild, which explicitly states that time in there may pass differently from the time in the Material Plane. There is no language like this for the entry on the Astral Plane.

Time Warp, DMG 50

While time seems to pass normally in the Feywild, characters might spend a day there and realize, upon leaving the plane, that less or more time has elapsed everywhere else in the multiverse.

There is, however, similar language for the Ethereal Plane. This is further evidence that, had the designers intended for time to pass differently in some plane, they would have made a specific mention of that.

Deep Ethereal, DMG 49

Distance is meaningless, so although travelers feel as if they can move by a simple act of will, it's impossible to measure speed and hard to track the passage of time.