[SalesForce] List Cast to List Concrete type

SObject is an abstract class. You can't directly instantiate SObject itself, as the platform requires that the contained SObject knows what type it is (because of the validation for which fields are legal, what data type each field has, etc).

You can determine what type of SObject you're working with by checking the ID. For example, a FeedItem trigger might look like this:

trigger X on FeedItem (after insert) {
    map<id, sobject> parents = new map<id, sobject>();
    set<sobjecttype> types = new set<sobjecttype>();
    for(FeedItem record: Trigger.new) {
        parents.put(record.parentid, null);
        types.add(record.parentid.getsobjecttype());
    }
    for(sobjecttype stype: types) {
        parents.putall(query.fortype(stype, parents.keyset()));
    }
    // Do something with the data you now have
}

I left out the "Query.forType" function in this post, because one should build the queries according to one's needs.

You're cycling through a list of lists, not a list of SObjects.

for (List <Call_to_Vod__C> c : listOfLists) {    
  attachment atf = mapCaseAttachments.get(c.Account_vod__C);    
}

The error message is pretty clear actually:

Initial term of field expression must be a concrete SObject: LIST

• You have a field expression c.Account_vod__C
• The initial term of that expression is c
• c is not an SObject, it is a LIST

If you want to get at the SObject:

for (List <Call_to_Vod__C>  cs : listOfLists) {   
  for (Call_to_Vod__C c : cs)    {
     /// bla bla c.Account_vod__C   
  } 
}