[SalesForce] Pass data from Lightning to Visualforce page

It sounds like a controller extension is actually what you need:

<apex:page standardController='Opportunity' extensions='MyExtension'>
  <apex:form>
    <apex:inputField value="{!Opportunity.Name}" />
     <apex:commandButton value="this button" value="{!doSomething}" />
  </apex:form>
</apex:page>

Extension:

public with sharing MyExtension
{
  private Opportunity opp;

  public MyExtension(ApexPages.StandardController cont)
  {
    opp =(Opportunity) cont.getRecord();
  }

  public PageReference doSomething()
  {
    //do something here
  }
}

http://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/pages/Content/pages_controller_extension.htm

<apex:page controller="Search">
<apex:form >
  <apex:pageBlock >
    <apex:pageBlockSection >
            <label>Tag</label>
             <apex:inputText value="{!strTag}"/><br/>
            <label>Location</label>
               <apex:inputText value="{!strlocation}"/><br/>     
    </apex:pageBlockSection>
    <apex:pageBlockButtons >
        <apex:commandButton value="Search" action="{!find}"/>
    </apex:pageBlockButtons>
   </apex:pageBlock>
 </apex:form>
</apex:page>

public with sharing class Search 
{ 
    public String strTag {get;set;}
    public String strlocation {get;set;}
    public PageReference find() { 

        system.debug('========strTag======='+strTag);
        system.debug('========strlocation======='+strlocation);      
        return null;
    }
}