[SalesForce] Refresh lightning component Opportunity page on Stage progress bar

You could try firing force:refreshView during an aura:locationChange event. Add the locationChange handler to your component.

<aura:handler event="aura:locationChange" action="{!c.update}"/>

And handle the event in your JS code.

 update : function (component, event, helper) {
    // Get the new location token from the event if needed
    var loc = event.getParam("token");
     $A.get('e.force:refreshView').fire();
}

https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.lightning.meta/lightning/ref_aura_locationChange.htm

I tend to use both an init method and a change handler on the attribute that could be set after init e.g. of such a child component:

<aura:component access="global">

    <aura:attribute name="topicName" type="String" />

    <aura:handler name="init" value="{!this}" action="{!c.doInit}"/>
    <aura:handler name="change" value="{!v.topicName}" action="{!c.doInit}"/>

</aura:component>

JS:

({
    doInit : function(component, event, helper) {
        var topicName = component.get('v.topicName');

        if(!$A.util.isEmpty(topicName)) {
            // Do whatever I need to do
        }
    }
})