Appearances in the early 19th century, and before, tie some figurative uses of the phrase 'strange fruit' to religion and politics, and then later to US racism, particularly southern racism.
For example, this early use from an 1838 edition of The clockmaker, or, The sayings and doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville ties the sense to both politics (democracy) and religion:
Arter a considerable of a pause, she said, This must be a religious country, said she, ain't it? for religion is the "highest fact in man's right, and the root of all democracy." If religion is the root of democracy, said I, it bears some strange fruit sometimes, as the man said of the pine tree the five gamblers were Lynched up to Vixburg.
Even earlier, in 1567, at a time when religion and politics were not as distinct as they now are, this use ties the sense to religious politics:
The which preaching although it were a litle checked by edictes and proclamations, yet not being remoued [removed] by force, caused as well moe [more] preachers to gather about that and other cities of Flanders and Brabant, as also moe hearers to come unto their sermo[n]s, in so much that within one month, manie thousandes were found to resort unto this new preaching, whereof some strange fruit must nedes growe in tyme, sithens [since] that wilde maner of preaching hath not be wont to be used, where the whole people of the Countrie is christened, unlesse it be in the time of warre.
I'm interested in how the figurative sense of the phrase developed from those political-religious roots into the common contemporary sense, wherein the phrase symbolizes racism, and particularly southern US racism. That development was established in widespread use by the 1939 recording of "Strange Fruit", the Billy Holiday rendition of a song written by Abel Meeropol. The lyrics are reproduced at '"Strange Fruit": the story of a song':
Southern trees bear a strange fruit,
Blood on the leaves and blood at the root,
Black body swinging in the Southern breeze,
Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.Pastoral scene of the gallant South,
The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth,
Scent of magnolia sweet and fresh,
And the sudden smell of burning flesh!Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck,
For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck,
For the sun to rot, for a tree to drop,
Here is a strange and bitter crop.
I hypothesize that transitional uses of 'strange fruit' in the 1800s and early 1900s might link southern evangelical sects, the Reconstruction, the Southern Babtist Convention, and the symbolic development of the phrase. Do transitional uses provide that link? Is there an 'Old World' (European religion and politics) influence on the development?
Best Answer
While by no means the result of an exhaustive investigation, my hunch so far is that the second citation in the question from 1567 is a more general application of the figurative sense "an unexpected, abnormal, or problematic outgrowth." Searching through 19th century figurative uses of the phrase yields varying connotations and senses that all seem like variants of this figurative sense, but which vary starkly in tone.
The link to religious texts might be partly explained by the many roles fruit plays in Christian literature, conveniently outlined on this website.
One thing is clear, at some point the phrase "strange fruit" became adapted as a dark metaphor for lynching. This is the meaning in the poem "Bitter Fruit" adapted by Billie Holliday into the song "Strange Fruit," and it is the meaning in the first citation in the question:
These dates span the figurative meaning related to lynching across a century already. And there are enough other uses referring to lynching to confirm a pattern, such as this dark snippet from an Indiana newspaper.
However, stepping through the figurative uses I was able to find in the 19th century in newspapers seems to suggest to me that the term was applied with varying connotations and figurative designs. The term appears in various Christmas carols, apparently referring to ornamentation on Christmas trees.
Another article from around this time uses the term with a dose of levity, referring to baseball fans lingering in trees to get a free view of a ball game.
Sometimes strange fruit refers to something beautiful in its uniqueness.
This connotation stands in stark contrast to the lynching metaphor. Other times, the term seems to refer to something unwanted or out of place in a pejorative way but without wading into subjects as dark as lynching.
A use from 1867 means essentially "we could have expected this."
Finally, this use from 1862 seems to mean simply "unexpected consequences" or "unusual results."
Conclusion
So in these clippings we have a number of senses of the term "strange fruit."
My search was limited in date range but it yielded a broad range of senses that all draw from the literal notion of something "strange" growing out of something else. Going back to my assertion in the top paragraph, I suspect based on the wide variety in senses of the term that the sense in the second source cited, from 1567, fits more into the directly applied figurative use of the phrase than the specific recurring meaning referring to lynching, which is the context in the other two sources cited. Reading a wider swath of the 1567 text, it also appears to be part of an extended metaphor. For this reason, I'm inclined to believe that most uses of this term were independently coined or at least non-idiomatic, with the exception of the rising meaning related to lynching and racism, a sense that stands out for its vivid grotesquerie and surprising temporal range of appearance.
I hope this answer contributes on some level to dissecting this interesting question, though I also look forward to seeing what others might find.