Learn English – Is “pipe dream” an Americanism

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A number of sources define the expression pipe dream as an Americanism from the 1890s:

  • any fantastic notion, hope, or story:
    Origin: 1895-1900, Americanism

(Dictionary.com – Random House Dictionary)

From the Phrase Finder:

It's strange then that 'pipe dream' comes from none of these (BrE) sources but has an American origin. The early references to the phrase all originate from in or around Chicago. The earliest I have found is from The Chicago Daily Tribune, December 1890:

  • "It [aerial navigation] has been regarded as a pipe-dream for a good many years."

and also the OED, as suggested by Andrew Leach in a comment, cites as earliest usage the one from the American Chicago Tribune in 1890 .

Etymonline does not say where the expression is from, but it dates its usage earlier, from 1870:

  • 1870; the sort of improbable fantasy one has while smoking opium; from pipe (n.1) + dream (n.).

and actually, there is BrE usage from that precise date in
"Tales of Life and Death", by Grantley F. Berkeley , 1870:

  • … as if he had some reason or other for dreading a tête-à-tête, lively in his remembrance — perhaps the unwelcome conclusion to his last night's pipe-dream. On this account, therefore, conversation, as between Mr. Hastings and Mrs, …

There could be earlier usages but I couldn't find any, but

  • is it really an Americanism (specifically from Chicago) as suggested above or was the expression originally a Britishism?

Best Answer

Smoke Rising

Smoking gives rise not only to smoke, but also to dreams and dreaming. The smoke may be from tobacco or opium, and the dreams inspired differ somewhat depending on which, certainly. Yet the dreams are dreams first, and opium or tobacco dreams second. Such 'smoke' dreams may stem from the euphoria and relaxation caused by smoking either substance, and may occur during sleep or during wakefulness.

In one of the first instances I could uncover where the association is made between smoking and dreaming, the substance smoked is not specified, and could be either tobacco or opium:

... I have mentioned the old family, who governed Mosul, of the Abdul Jelils. ... I paid a visit to the present representative of this race... who lives in the seat of his ancestors, ...no doubt, as he smoked his pipe, dreams of former greatness occasionally floated through his mind.

10 March 1847, London Daily News (paywalled link, italics mine), p 3.

Even earlier, however, comes an association with dreams where the substance, opium, is specified, but whether the opium was smoked or eaten is not declared:

Few women — I mean warm-hearted, high-souled women — have escaped the influence of these "opium dreams of too much youth and reading," as they are contemptuously called by the worldly and the cold.

The Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, Maryland; paywalled link) 19 Oct 1842, p 1.

In the first case, the dreams are not well-described as 'pipe dreams' according to the usual lexical definition. Such dreams are, rather, fond or comfortable recollections, relaxed musings on times past. In the second case, insofar as can be determined from the scanty relevant context, the dreams correspond with the usual lexical sense of 'pipe dreams'.

Setting the Phrase

pipe dream, n.
An unrealistic or fanciful hope or scheme; a ‘castle in the air’.

OED Online

The usual lexical sense of 'pipe dream' does not, however, preclude other uses, which are readily understood in context. As a set phrase, 'pipe dream' is

an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up.

WordNet 3.0

As a set phrase, a more comprehensive definition of 'pipe dream' in both contemporary and historical use would be

any fantastic, improbable, or otherwise unusual waking or sleeping dream, plan, theory, or idea, whether or not occasioned by narcotizing effects of smoking (tobacco, marijuana, opium).

'Pipe dream' is understood whether or not a literal pipe is involved; whether or not smoking is involved; whether or not literal dreams are involved. In each case, the meaning of the phrase "cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up".

So, in the case of the 1870 UK use of the set phrase 'pipe dream' in Tales of Life and Death, "The Fair Doe of Fernditch",

...perhaps the unwelcome conclusion to his last night's pipe-dream

alludes to an actual incident (the "unwelcome conclusion" mentioned as the end part of Hastings' 'pipe-dream'), wherein Hastings is kissed by the housekeeper; it also refers figuratively to a fantastic dream caused by smoking tobacco. Pipes, it is clear, do not themselves dream; neither was it the pipe that caused the dream. Rather, the source of the dream was first, the man smoking, and second, nicotine's narcotizing effects.

That the phrase is 'set', and means more than can be inferred from the meanings of the words, readily appears when the wording is changed. Thus, the phrasing "...perhaps the unwelcome conclusion to the dream he had when he fell asleep after smoking his pipe last night" does not convey the suggestion that the dream was caused by the pipe-smoking, nor does it convey that the dream was fantastic and improbable, nor yet does it convey that the fantastic and improbable elements of the dream were stimulated by the effects of smoking. Yet all these suggestions are conveyed by the set phrase 'pipe-dream'.

As a further illustration, a precursor phrase to 'pipe dream' is equally 'set' and, while it will still be understood as more than the sum of its parts, has not survived so well:

...people much given to whiskey are habitually visited by smoking dreams, which lead them to mistake one kind of spirits for another.

Ballyshannon Herald (Ireland; paywalled link, italics mine), 21 December 1860, p 2.

...to let Rome, in fact, be a howling wilderness to please an idle whim of a "united Italy." United in some Edwin James and Garbaldi cigar smoking dream! but in no other way, the South differing from the North as the Belfast Scotchmen differ from the Galway Celts!

Limerick Reporter (Ireland; paywalled link), 13 December 1861, p 1.

As with 'smoking dream' and 'pipe dream', so also the phrase 'pipe story' is set but, like 'smoking dream', has not survived as well as 'pipe dream'; OED Online provides an origin, some history, and a lexical definition in the list of compounds formed from 'pipe':

pipe story n. U.S. rare a fantastic or impossible story; cf. PIPE DREAM n.
1890 Chicago Tribune 26 Feb. 8/3 The story to the effect that ex-Senator Hill has fixed a deal with Senator Teller..is a fairy tale. We call it a ‘pipe story’ in the Wild West.
....

OED Online

The relationship between 'pipe dream' and 'pipe story' is evident; 'pipe story', however, has largely been supplanted by the set phrases 'tall tale' and 'tall story' in contemporary use, although 'pipe story' is readily understood even now (perhaps by analogy with its historical contemporary, 'pipe dream').

To sharpen the point with a bludgeon of further evidence, other early associations of smoking and dreaming include these:

...young men, chewing the weed and the cud of reflection, or dreaming, amid eddying curls of light blue smoke, "dreams that no dreaming mortals ever dreamed before."

Wilmington Daily Dispatch (Wilmington, North Carolina; paywalled link) 26 Jun 1867, p 3.

We have lately been told by a French publicist, M. Emile de Girardin, in a vein of sober earnestness, that the acts and policy of the Emperor are the outcome of his habit of smoking. "To smoke is to dream wide awake," it is asserted.

Edinburgh Evening Courant (Scotland; paywalled link), 14 December 1868, p 7.

Multiple associations of dreaming and smoking continue through 1885 in US sources:

Even the young man who sits lazily in his chair and dozes over his pipe, dreams of a maiden who appears above him, too fleshy for a real angel and too angelic to take offense at.

Salt Lake Evening Democrat (Salt Lake City, Utah; paywalled link), 03 Aug 1885, p 3.

In 1860 where was Grant? Inactive, sunk in indolence and tobacco dreams.

The Courier-Journal (Louisville, Kentucky; paywalled link, italics mine), 13 Sep 1885, p 14.

The Diaspora of Pipe Dream

The associations of smoking and dreaming, as well as the appearance of the phrases 'smoking dream' (Irish, 1860, 1861), 'pipe dream' (British, 1870) and 'tobacco dream' (US, 1885) lead to what OED recommends as a US origin in 1890 Chicago. The attestation given by OED,

1890 Chicago Tribune 11 Dec. ii. 9/3 It [sc. aerial navigation] has been regarded as a pipe-dream for a good many years.

should be supplemented with a second appearance, in another Chicago newspaper, on the same day in 1890:

It is worse than fighting Indians to listen to —
"All silent lies the village on the bosom of the vale,
So I'll squeeze another pipe dream, and grind out another tale."

The Inter Ocean (Chicago, Illinois; paywalled link), 11 Dec 1890, p. 6.

For my part, I recommend that the evidence, comprising as it does earlier appearances of the very similar (if not identical) set phrases 'smoking dream' and 'tobacco dream', along with the earlier appearance of 'pipe dream' itself, in Ireland, the US, and Britain respectively, argues for a spontaneous independent international origin owing more to the tendency of English, where ever it is spoken, to form nouns by a compounding process mortared by set phrases, than to use of the particular phrase spreading from one to another nation.